the commonwealth of oceana-第17节
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re called； during the time of the commonwealth； to the suffrage； was by lot： the curia； century； or tribe； whereon the first lot fell； being styled principium； or the prerogative； and the other curioe； centuries or tribes； whereon the second； third； and fourth lots； etc。； fell； the jure vocatoe。 From henceforth not the first classes； as in the times of Servius； but the prerogative； whether curia； century； or tribe； came first to the suffrage； whose vote was called omen proerogativum； and seldom failed to be leading to the rest of the tribes。 The jure vocatoe； in the order of their lots； came next： the manner of giving suffrage was； by casting wooden tablets； marked for the affirmative or the negative； into certain urns standing upon a scaffold； as they marched over it in files； which for the resemblance it bore was called the bridge。 The candidate； or competitor； who had most suffrages in a curia； century； or tribe； was said to have that curia； century； or tribe； and he who had most of the curioe； centuries； or tribes； carried the magistracy。 These three places being premised； as such upon which there will be frequent reflection； I come to the narrative； divided into two parts； the first containing the institution； the second the constitution of the commonwealth； in each whereof I shall distinguish the orders； as those which contain the whole model； from the rest of the discourse； which tends only to the explanation or proof of them。 In the institution or building of a commonwealth； the first work； as that of builders； can be no other than fitting and distributing the materials。 The materials of a commonwealth are the people； and the people of Oceana were distributed by casting them into certain divisions； regarding their quality； their age； their wealth； and the places of their residence or habitation； which was done by the ensuing orders。 The first order 〃distributes the people into freemen or citizens and servants； while such； for if they attain to liberty； that is； to live of themselves； they are freemen or citizens。〃 This order needs no proof； in regard of the nature of servitude； which is inconsistent with freedom； or participation of government in a commonwealth。 The second order 〃distributes citizens into youth and elders （such as are from eighteen years of age to thirty； being accounted youth； and such as are of thirty and upward； elders）； and establishes that the youth shall be the marching armies； and the elders the standing garrisons of this nation。〃 A commonwealth； whose arms are in the hands of her servants； had need be situated； as is elegantly said of Venice by Contarini； out of the reach of their clutches； witness the danger run by that of Carthage in the rebellion of Spendius and Matho。 But though a city； if one swallow makes a summer； may thus chance to be safe； yet shall it never be great； for if Carthage or Venice acquired any fame in their arms； it is known to have happened through the mere virtue of their captains； and not of their orders； wherefore Israel； Lacedaemon； and Rome entailed their arms upon the prime of their citizens； divided； at least in Lacedaemon and Rome； into youth and elders： the youth for the field； and the elders for defence of the territory。 The third order 〃distributes the citizens into horse and foot； by the sense or valuation of their estates； they who have above ？00 a year in lands； goods； or moneys； being obliged to be of the horse； and they who have under that sum to be of the foot。 But if a man has prodigally wasted and spent his patrimony； he is neither capable of magistracy； office； or suffrage in the commonwealth。〃 Citizens are not only to defend the commonwealth； but according to their abilities； as the Romans under Servius Tullius （regard had to their estates）； were some enrolled in the horse centuries； and others of the foot； with arms enjoined accordingly； nor could it be otherwise in the rest of the commonwealths； though out of historical remains； that are so much darker； it be not so clearly probable。 And the necessary prerogative to be given by a commonwealth to estates； is in some measure in the nature of industry； and the use of it to the public。 〃The Roman people；〃 says Julius Exuperantius； 〃were divided into classes； and taxed according to the value of their estates。 All that were worth the sums appointed were employed in the wars； for they most eagerly contend for the victory； who fight for liberty in defence of their country and possessions。 But the poorer sort were polled only for their heads （which was all they had） and kept in garrison at home in time of war； for these might betray the armies for bread； by reason of their poverty； which is the reason that Marius； to whom the care of the government ought not to have been committed； was the first that led them into the field；〃 and his success was accordingly。 There is a mean in things； as exorbitant riches overthrow the balance of a commonwealth； so extreme poverty cannot hold it； nor is by any means to be trusted with it。 The clause in the order concerning the prodigal is Athenian； and a very laudable one； for he that could not live upon his patrimony； if he comes to touch the public money； makes a commonwealth bankrupt。 The fourth order 〃distributes the people according to the places of their habitation； into parishes； hundreds； and tribes。〃 For except the people be methodically distributed； they cannot be methodically collected； but the being of a commonwealth consists in the methodical collection of the people： wherefore you have the Israelitish divisions into rulers of thousands； of hundreds； of fifties； and of tens； and of the whole commonwealth into tribes： the Laconic into oboe； moras； and tribes； the Roman into tribes； centuries； and classes； and something there must of necessity be in every government of the like nature； as that in the late monarchy by counties。 But this being the only institution in Oceana； except that of the agrarian； which required any charge or included any difficulty； engages me to a more particular description of the manner how it was performed； as follows： A thousand surveyors； commissioned and instructed by the Lord Archon and the Council； being divided into two equal numbers； each under the inspection of two surveyors…general； were distributed into the northern and southern parts of the territory； divided by the river Hemisua； the whole whereof contains about 10；000 parishes； some ten of those being assigned to each surveyor； for as to this matter there needed no great exactness； it tending only by showing whither everyone was to； begin； to the more orderly carrying repair and whereabout to on of the work； the nature of their instructions otherwise regarding rather the number of the inhabitants than of the parishes。 The surveyors； therefore； being every one furnished with a convenient proportion of urns； balls； and balloting…boxes in the use whereof they had been formerly exercised and now arriving each at his respective parish； being with the people by teaching them their first lesson； which was the ballot； and though they found them in the beginning somewhat froward； as at toys； with which； while they were in expectation of greater matters from a Council of legislators； they conceived themselves to be abused； they came within a little while to think them pretty sport； and at length such as might very soberly be used in good earnest； whereupon the surveyors began the institution included in The first order； requiring 〃That upon the first Monday next ensuing the last of December the bigger bell in every parish throughout the nation be rung at eight of the clock in the morning； and continue ringing for the space of one hour； and that all the elders of the parish respectively repair to the church before the bell has done ringing； where； dividing themselves into two equal numbers； or as near equal as may be； they shall take their places according to their dignities； if they be of divers qualities； and according to their seniority； if they be of the same； the one half on the one side； and the other half on the other； in the body of the church； which done； they shall make oath to the overseers of the parish for the time being （instead of these the surveyors were to officiate at the institution； or first assembly） by holding up their hands； to make a fair election according to the laws of the ballot； as they are hereafter explained； of such persons； amounting to a fifth part of their whole number； to be their deputies； and to exercise their power in manner hereafter explained； as they shall think in their consciences to be fittest for that trust； and will acquit themselves of it to the best advantage of the commonwealth。 And oath being thus made； they shall proceed to election； if the elders of the parish amount to 1；000 by the ballot of the tribe； as it is in due place explained； and if the elders of the parish amount to fifty or upward； but within the number of 1；000； by the ballot of the hundred； as it is in due place explained。 But； if the elders amount not to fifty； then they shall proceed to the ballot of the parish； as it is in this place and after this manner explained。 〃The two overseers for the time being shall seat them
