the commonwealth of oceana-第12节
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n councils resembling those of the Teutons； to which the lords only that were barons by dominion and tenure had hitherto repaired； Adoxus； seeing the effects of such dominion； began first not to call such as were barons by writ （for that was according to the practice of ancient times）； but to call such by writs as were otherwise no barons； by which means； striving to avoid the consequence of the balance； in coming unwillingly to set the government straight； he was the first that set it awry。 For the barons in his reign； and his successors； having vindicated their ancient authority； restored the Parliament with all the rights and privileges of the same； saving that from thenceforth the kings had found out a way whereby to help themselves against the mighty by creatures of their own； and such as had no other support but by their favor。。 By which means this government； being indeed the masterpiece of modern prudence； has been cried up to the skies； as the only invention whereby at once to maintain the sovereignty of a prince and the liberty of the people。 Whereas； indeed； it has been no other than a wrestling…match； wherein the nobility； as they have been stronger； have thrown the King； or the King； if he has been stronger； has thrown the nobility； or the King； where he has had a nobility； and could bring them to his party has thrown the people； as in France and Spain； or the people； where they have had no nobility； or could get them to be of their party； have thrown the King； as in Holland； and of later times in Oceana。 But they came not to this strength； but by such approaches and degrees as remain to be further opened。 For whereas the barons by writ； as the sixty…four abbots and thirty…six priors that were so called； were but pro temp ore； Dicotome； being the twelfth king from the Conquest； began to make barons by letters…patent； with the addition of honorary pensions for the maintenance of their dignities to them and their heirs； so that they were hands in the King's purse and had no shoulders for his throne。 Of these； when the house of peers came once to be full； as will be seen hereafter； there was nothing more empty。 But for the present； the throne having other supports； they did not hurt that so much as they did the King； for the old barons； taking Dicotome's prodigality to such creatures so ill that they deposed him； got the trick of it； and never gave over setting up and pulling down their kings according to their various interests； and that faction of the White and Red； into which they have been thenceforth divided； till Panurgus； the eighteenth king from the Conquest； was more by their favor than his right advanced to the crown。 This King； through his natural subtlety； reflecting at once upon the greatness of their power； and the inconstancy of their favor； began to find another flaw in this kind of government； which is also noted by Machiavel namely； that a throne supported by a nobility is not so hard to be ascended as kept warm。 Wherefore his secret jealousy； lest the dissension of the nobility； as it brought him in might throw him out； made him travel in ways undiscovered by them； to ends as little foreseen by himself； while to establish his own safety； he； by mixing water with their wine； first began to open those sluices that have since overwhelmed not the King only； but the throne。 For whereas a nobility strikes not at the throne； without which they cannot subsist； but at some king that they do not like； popular power strikes through the King at the throne； as that which is incompatible with it。 Now that Panurgus； in abating the power of the nobility； was the cause whence it came to fall into the hands of the people； appears by those several statutes that were made in his reign； as that for population； those against retainers； and that for alienations。 By the statute of population； all houses of husbandry that were used with twenty acres of ground and upward； were to be maintained and kept up forever with a competent proportion of land laid to them； and in no wise； as appears by a subsequent statute； to be severed。 By which means the houses being kept up； did of necessity enforce dwellers； and the proportion of land to be tilled being kept up； did of necessity enforce the dweller not to be a beggar or cottager； but a man of some substance； that might keep hinds and servants and set the plough a…going。 This did mightily concern； says the historian of that prince； the might and manhood of the kingdom； and in effect amortize a great part of the lands to the hold and possession of the yeomanry or middle people； who living not in a servile or indigent fashion； were much unlinked from dependence upon their lords； and living in a free and plentiful manner； became a more excellent infantry； but such a one upon which the lords had so little power； that from henceforth they may be computed to have been disarmed。 And as they had lost their infantry after this manner； so their cavalry and commanders were cut off by the statute of retainers； for whereas it was the custom of the nobility to have younger brothers of good houses； mettled fellows； and such as were knowing in the feats of arms about them； they who were longer followed with so dangerous a train； escaped not such punishments as made them take up。 Henceforth the country lives and great tables of the nobility； which no longer nourished veins that would bleed for them； were fruitless and loathsome till they changed the air； and of princes became courtiers； where their revenues； never to have been exhausted by beef and mutton； were found narrow； whence followed racking of rents； and at length sale of lands； the riddance through the statute of alienations being rendered far more quick and facile than formerly it had been through the new invention of entails。 To this it happened that Coraunus； the successor of that King； dissolving the abbeys； brought； with the declining state of the nobility； so vast a prey to the industry of the people； that the balance of the commonwealth was too apparently in the popular party to be unseen by the wise Council of Queen Parthenia； who； converting her reign through the perpetual love tricks that passed between her and her people into a kind of romance； wholly neglected the nobility。 And by these degrees came the House of Commons to raise that head； which since has been so high and formidable to their princes that they have looked pale upon those assemblies。 Nor was there anything now wanting to the destruction of the throne； but that the people； not apt to see their own strength； should be put to feel it； when a prince； as stiff in disputes as the nerve of monarchy was grown slack； received that unhappy encouragement from his clergy which became his utter ruin； while trusting more to their logic than the rough philosophy of his Parliament； it came to an irreparable breach； for the house of peers； which alone had stood in this gap； now sinking down between the King and the commons； showed that Crassus was dead and the isthmus broken。 But a monarchy； divested of its nobility； has no refuge under heaven but an army。 Wherefore the dissolution of this government caused the war； not the war the dissolution of this government。 Of the King's success with his arms it is not necessary to give any further account than that they proved as ineffectual as his nobility； but without a nobility or an army （as has been shown） there can be no monarchy。 Wherefore what is there in nature that can arise out of these ashes but a popular government； or a new monarchy to be erected by the victorious army？ To erect a monarchy； be it never so new； unless like Leviathan you can hang it； as the country…fellow speaks； by geometry （for what else is it to say； that every other man must give up his will to the will of this one man without any other foundation？）； it must stand upon old principles that is； upon a nobility or an army planted on a due balance of dominion。 Aut viam inveniam aut faciam； was an adage of Caesar； and there is no standing for a monarchy unless it finds this balance； or makes it。 If it finds it； the work is done to its hand； for； where there is inequality of estates； there must be inequality of power； and where there is inequality of power； there can be no commonwealth。 To make it； the sword must extirpate out of dominion all other roots of power； and plant an army upon that ground。 An army may be planted nationally or provincially。 To plant it nationally； it must be in one of the four ways mentioned； that is； either monarchically in part； as the Roman beneficiarii； or monarchically； in the whole； as the Turkish Timariots； aristocratically that is； by earls and barons； as the Neustrians were planted by Turbo； or democratically； that is； by equal lots； as the Israelitish army in the land of Canaan by Joshua。 In every one of these ways there must not only be confiscations； but confiscations to such a proportion as may answer to the work intended。 Confiscation of a people that never fought against you； but whose arms you have borne； and in which you have been victorious； and this upon premeditation and in cold blood； I should have thought to be against any example in human nature； but for those alleged by Machiavel of Agathocle
