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  and brilliant discoveries; diluted to last several hours;
  constitute the higher education which is to lead to giant strides
  in human knowledge。

  〃If the Government could have an idea; I should suspect it of
  being afraid of any real superiority; which; once roused; might 
  bring Society under the yoke of an intelligent rule。 Then nations
  would go too far and too fast; so professors are appointed to
  produce simpletons。 How else can we account for a scheme devoid of
  method or any notion of the future?

  〃The /Institut/ might be the central government of the moral and
  intellectual world; but it has been ruined lately by its
  subdivision into separate academies。 So human science marches on;
  without a guide; without a system; and floats haphazard with no
  road traced out。

  〃This vagueness and uncertainty prevails in politics as well as in
  science。 In the order of nature means are simple; the end is grand
  and marvelous; here in science as in government; the means are
  stupendous; the end is mean。 The force which in nature proceeds at
  an equal pace; and of which the sum is constantly being added to
  itselfthe A + A from which everything is producedis
  destructive in society。 Politics; at the present time; place human
  forces in antagonism to neutralize each other; instead of
  combining them to promote their action to some definite end。

  〃Looking at Europe alone; from Caesar to Constantine; from the
  puny Constantine to the great Attila; from the Huns to
  Charlemagne; from Charlemagne to Leo X。; from Leo X。; to Philip
  II。; from Philip II。 to Louis XIV。; from Venice to England; from
  England to Napoleon; from Napoleon to England; I see no fixed
  purpose in politics; its constant agitation has led to no
  progress。

  〃Nations leave witnesses to their greatness in monuments; and to
  their happiness in the welfare of individuals。 Are modern
  monuments as fine as those of the ancients? I doubt it。 The arts;
  which are the direct outcome of the individual; the products of
  genius or of handicraft; have not advanced much。 The pleasures of
  Lucullus were as good as those of Samuel Bernard; of Beaujon; or
  of the King of Bavaria。 And then human longevity has diminished。

  〃Thus; to those who will be candid; man is still the same; might
  is his only law; and success his only wisdom。

  〃Jesus Christ; Mahomet; and Luther only lent a different hue to
  the arena in which youthful nations disport themselves。

  〃No development of politics has hindered civilization; with its
  riches; its manners; its alliance of the strong against the weak;
  its ideas; and its delights; from moving from Memphis to Tyre;
  from Tyre to Baalbek; from Tadmor to Carthage; from Carthage to
  Rome; from Rome to Constantinople; from Constantinople to Venice;
  from Venice to Spain; from Spain to Englandwhile no trace is
  left of Memphis; of Tyre; of Carthage; of Rome; of Venice; or
  Madrid。 The soul of those great bodies has fled。 Not one of them
  has preserved itself from destruction; nor formulated this axiom:
  When the effect produced ceases to be in a ratio to its cause;
  disorganization follows。

  〃The most subtle genius can discover no common bond between great
  social facts。 No political theory has ever lasted。 Governments
  pass away; as men do; without handing down any lesson; and no
  system gives birth to a system better than that which came before
  it。 What can we say about politics when a Government directly
  referred to God perished in India and Egypt; when the rule of the
  Sword and of the Tiara are past; when Monarchy is dying; when the
  Government of the People has never been alive; when no scheme of
  intellectual power as applied to material interests has ever
  proved durable; and everything at this day remains to be done all
  over again; as it has been at every period when man has turned to
  cry out; 'I am in torment!'

  〃The code; which is considered Napoleon's greatest achievement; is
  the most Draconian work I know of。 Territorial subdivision carried
  out to the uttermost; and its principle confirmed by the equal
  division of property generally; must result in the degeneracy of
  the nation and the death of the Arts and Sciences。 The land; too
  much broken up; is cultivated only with cereals and small crops;
  the forests; and consequently the rivers; are disappearing; oxen
  and horses are no longer bred。 Means are lacking both for attack
  and for resistance。 If we should be invaded; the people must be
  crushed; it has lost its mainspring its leaders。 This is the
  history of deserts!

  〃Thus the science of politics has no definite principles; and it
  can have no fixity; it is the spirit of the hour; the perpetual
  application of strength proportioned to the necessities of the
  moment。 The man who should foresee two centuries ahead would die
  on the place of execution; loaded with the imprecations of the
  mob; or elsewhich seems worsewould be lashed with the myriad
  whips of ridicule。 Nations are but individuals; neither wiser nor
  stronger than man; and their destinies are identical。 If we
  reflect on man; is not that to consider mankind?

  〃By studying the spectacle of society perpetually storm…tossed in
  its foundations as well as in its results; in its causes as well
  as in its actions; while philanthropy is but a splendid mistake;
  and progress is vanity; I have been confirmed in this truth: Life
  is within and not without us; to rise above men; to govern them;
  is only the part of an aggrandized school…master; and those men
  who are capable of rising to the level whence they can enjoy a
  view of the world should not look at their own feet。

〃November 4th。

  〃I am no doubt occupied with weighty thoughts; I am on the way to
  certain discoveries; an invincible power bears me toward a
  luminary which shone at an early age on the darkness of my moral
  life; but what name can I give to the power that ties my hands and
  shuts my mouth; and drags me in a direction opposite to my
  vocation? I must leave Paris; bid farewell to the books in the
  libraries; those noble centres of illumination; those kindly and
  always accessible sages; and the younger geniuses with whom I
  sympathize。 Who is it that drives me away? Chance or Providence?

  〃The two ideas represented by those words are irreconcilable。 If
  Chance does not exist; we must admit fatalism; that is to say; the
  compulsory co…ordination of things under the rule of a general
  plan。 Why then do we rebel? If man is not free; what becomes of
  the scaffolding of his moral sense? Or; if he can control his
  destiny; if by his own freewill he can interfere with the
  execution of the general plan; what becomes of God?

  〃Why did I come here? If I examine myself; I find the answer: I
  find in myself axioms that need developing。 But why then have I
  such vast faculties without being suffered to use them? If my
  suffering could serve as an example; I could understand it; but
  no; I suffer unknown。

  〃This is perhaps as much the act of Providence as the fate of the
  flower that dies unseen in the heart of the virgin forest; where
  no one can enjoy its perfume or admire its splendor。 Just as that
  blossom vainly sheds its fragrance to the solitude; so do I; here
  in the garret; give birth to ideas that no one can grasp。

  〃Yesterday evening I sat eating bread and grapes in front of my
  window with a young doctor named Meyraux。 We talked as men do whom
  misfortune has joined in brotherhood; and I said to him:

  〃 'I am going away; you are staying。 Take up my ideas and develop
  them。'

  〃 'I cannot!' said he; with bitter regret: 'my feeble health
  cannot stand so much work; and I shall die young of my struggle
  with penury。'

  〃We looked up at the sky and grasped hands。 We first met at the
  Comparative Anatomy course; and in the galleries of the Museum;
  attracted thither by the same studythe unity of geological
  structure。 In him this was the presentiment of genius sent to open
  a new path in the fallows of intellect; in me it was a deduction
  from a general system。

  〃My point is to ascertain the real relation that may exist between
  God and man。 Is not this a need of the age? Without the highest
  assurance; it is impossible to put bit and bridle on the social
  factions that have been let loose by the spirit of scepticism and
  discussion; and which are now crying aloud: 'Show us a way in
  which we may walk and find no pitfalls in our way!'

  〃You will wonder what comparative anatomy has to do with a
  question of such importance to the future of society。 Must we not
  attain to the conviction that man is the end of all earthly means
  before we ask whether he too is not the means to some end? If man
  is bound up with everything; is there not something above him with
  which he again is bound up? If he is the end…all of the explained
  transmutations that lead up to him; must he not be also the link
  between the visible and invisible creations?

  〃The activity of the universe is not absurd; it must tend to an
  en

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