men of invention and industry-第63节

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which　was　29　feet。　　Serious　misgivings　were　thrown　out　as　to

whether　she　would　ever　stand　a　heavy　sea。　　Vessels　of　such

proportions　were　thought　to　be　crank；　and　even　dangerous。　

Nevertheless；　she　seemed　to　my　mind　a　great　success。　　From　that

time；　I　began　to　think　and　work　out　the　advantages　and

disadvantages　of　such　a　vessel；　from　an　owner's　as　well　as　from　a

builder's　point　of　view。　　The　result　was　greatly　in　favour　of　the

owner；　though　entailing　difficulties　in　construction　as　regards

the　builder。　　These　difficulties；　however。　　I　thought　might

easily　be　overcome。



In　the　first　steamers　ordered　of　me　by　the　Messrs。　Bibby；　I

thought　it　more　prudent　to　simply　build　to　the　dimensions

furnished；　although　they　were　even　longer　than　usual。　　But；　prior

to　the　precise　dimensions　being　fixed　for　the　second　order；　I

with　confidence　proposed　my　theory　of　the　greater　carrying　power

and　accommodation；　both　for　cargo　and　passengers；　that　would　be

gained　by　constructing　the　new　vessels　of　increased　length；

without　any　increase　of　beam。　　I　conceived　that　they　would　show

improved　qualities　in　a　sea…way；　and　that；　notwithstanding　the

increased　accommodation；　the　same　speed　with　the　same　power　would

be　obtained；　by　only　a　slight　increase　in　the　first　cost。　　The

result　was；　that　I　was　allowed　to　settle　the　dimensions；　and　the

following　were　then　decided　on：　Length；　310　feet；　beam；　34　feet；

depth　of　hold；　24　feet　9　inches；　all　of　which　were　fully

compensated　for　by　making　the　upper　deck　entirely　of　iron。　　In

this　way；　the　hull　of　the　ship　was　converted　into　a　box　girder　of

immensely　increased　strength；　and　was；　I　believe；　the　first　ocean

steamer　ever　so　constructed。　　The　rig　too　was　unique。　　The　four

masts　were　made　in　one　continuous　length；　with　fore…and…aft

sails；　but　no　yards；thereby　reducing　the　number　of　hands

necessary　to　work　them。　　And　the　steam　winches　were　so　arranged

as　to　be　serviceable　for　all　the　heavy　hauls；　as　well　as　for　the

rapid　handling　of　the　cargo。



In　the　introduction　of　so　many　novelties；　I　was　well　supported　by

Mr。　F。　Leyland；　the　junior　partner　of　Messrs。　Bibby's　firm；　and

by　the　intelligent　and　practical　experience　of　Captain　Birch；　the

overlooker；　and　Captain　George　Wakeham；　the　Commodore　of　the

company。　　Unsuccessful　attempts　had　been　made　many　years　before

to　condense　the　steam　from　the　engines　by　passing　it　into

variously　formed　chambers；　tubes；　&c。；　to　be　there　condensed　by

surfaces　kept　cold　by　the　circulation　of　sea…water　round　them；　so

as　to　preserve　the　pure　water　and　return　it　to　the　boilers　free

of　salt。　　In　this　way；　〃salting　up〃　was　avoided；　and　a

considerable　saving　of　fuel　and　expenses　in　repairs　was　effected。



Mr。　Spencer　had　patented　an　improvement　on　Hall's　method　of

surface　condensation；　by　introducing　indiarubber　rings　at　each

end　of　the　tubes。　　This　had　been　tried　as　an　experiment　on　shore；

and　we　advised　that　it　should　be　adopted　in　one　of　Messrs。

Bibby's　smallest　steamers；　the　Frankfort。　　The　results　were　found

perfectly　satisfactory。　　Some　20　per　cent。　of　fuel　was　saved；

and；　after　the　patent　right　had　been　bought；　the　method　was

adopted　in　all　the　vessels　of　the　company。



When　these　new　ships　were　first　seen　at　Liverpool；　the　〃old

salts〃　held　up　their　hands。　　They　were　too　long！　they　were　too

sharp！　they　would　break　their　backs！　　They　might；　indeed；　get　out

of　the　Mersey；　but　they　would　never　get　back！　　The　ships；

however；　sailed；　and　they　made　rapid　and　prosperous　voyages　to

and　from　the　Mediterranean。　　They　fulfilled　all　the　promises

which　had　been　made。　　They　proved　the　advantages　of　our　new　build

of　ships；　and　the　owners　were　perfectly　satisfied　with　their

superior　strength；　speed；　and　accommodation。　　The　Bibbys　were

wise　men　in　their　day　and　generation。　　They　did　not　stop；　but

went　on　ordering　more　ships。　　After　the　Grecian　and　the　Italian

had　made　two　or　three　voyages　to　Alexandria；　they　sent　us　an

order　for　three　more　vessels。　　By　our　advice；　they　were　made

twenty　feet　longer　than　the　previous　ones；　though　of　no　greater

beam；　in　other　respects；　they　were　almost　identical。　　This　was

too　much　for　〃Jack。〃　　〃What！〃　he　exclaimed；　〃more　Bibby's

coffins？〃　　Yes；　more　and　more；　and　in　the　course　of　time；　most

shipowners　followed　our　example。



To　a　young　firm；　a　repetition　of　orders　like　these　was　a　great

advantage；not　only　because　of　the　novel　design　of　the　ships；

but　also　because　of　their　constructive　details。　　We　did　our　best

to　fit　up　the　Egyptian；　Dalmatian；　and　Arabian；　as　first…rate

vessels。　　Those　engaged　in　the　Mediterranean　trade　finding　them

to　be　serious　rivals；　partly　because　of　the　great　cargos　which

they　carried；　but　principally　from　the　regularity　with　which　they

made　their　voyages　with　such　surprisingly　small　consumption　of

coal。　　They　were　not；　however；　what　〃Jack〃　had　been　accustomed　to

consider　〃dry　ships。〃　　The　ship　built　Dutchman　fashion；　with　her

bluff　ends；　is　the　driest　of　all　ships；　but　the　least　steady；

because　she　rises　to　every　sea。　　But　the　new　ships；　because　of

their　length　and　sharpness；　precluded　this；　for；　though　they　rose

sufficiently　to　an　approaching　wave　for　all　purposes　of　safety；

they　often　went　through　the　crest　of　it；　and；　though　shipping　a

little　water；　it　was　not　only　easier　for　the　vessel；　but　the

shortest　road。



Nature　seems　to　have　furnished　us　with　the　finest　design　for　a

vessel　in　the　form　of　the　fish：　it　presents　such　fine　linesis

so　clean；　so　true；　and　so　rapid　in　its　movements。　　The　ship；

however；　must　float；　and　to　hit　upon　the　happy　medium　of　velocity

and　stability　seems　to　me　the　art　and　mystery　of　shipbuilding。　

In　order　to　give　large　carrying　capacity；　we　gave　flatness　of

bottom　and　squareness　of　bilge。　　This　became　known　in　Liverpool

as　the　〃Belfast　bottom；〃　and　it　has　been　generally　adopted。　　This

form　not　only　serves　to　give　stability；　but　also　increases　the

carrying　power　without　lessening　the　speed。



While　Sailor　Jack　and　our　many　commercial　rivals　stood　aghast　and

wondered；　our　friends　gave　us　yet　another　order　for　a　still

longer　ship；　with　still　the　same　beam　and　power。　　The　vessel　was

named　the　Persian；　she　was　360　feet　long；　34　feet　beam；　24　feet　9

inches　hold。　　More　cargo　was　thus　carried；　at　higher　speed。　　It

was　only　a　further　development　of　the　fish　form　of　structure。　

Venice　was　an　important　port　to　call　at。　　The　channel　was

difficult　to　navigate；　and　the　Venetian　class　（270　feet　long）　was

supposed　to　be　the　extreme　length　that　could　be　handled　here。　

But　what　with　the　straight　stem；by　cutting　the　forefoot　away；

and　by　the　introduction　of　powerful　steering…gear；　worked

amidships；the　captain　was　able　to　navigate　the　Persian；　90　feet

longer　than　the　Venetian；　with　much　less　anxiety　and

inconvenience。



Until　the　building　of　the　Persian；　we　had　taken　great　pride　in

the　modelling　and　finish　of　the　old　style　of　cutwater　and

figurehead；　with　bowsprit　and　jib…boom；　but　in　urging　the

advantages　of　greater　length　of　hull；　we　were　met　by　the　fact　of

its　being　simply　impossible　in　certain　docks　to　swing　vessels　of

any　greater　length　than　those　already　constructed。　　Not　to　be

beaten；　we　proposed　to　do　away　with　all　these　overhanging

encumbrances；　and　to　adopt　a　perpendicular　stem。　　In　this　way　the

hull　might　be　made　so　much　longer；　and　this　was；　I　believe；　the

first　occasion　of　its　being　adopted　in　this　country　in　the　case

of　an　ocean　steamer；　though　the　once　celebrated　Collins　Line　of

paddle　steamers　had；　I　believe；　such　stems。　　The　iron　decks；　iron

bulwarks；　and　iron　rails；　were　all　found　very　serviceable　in　our

later　vessels；　there　being　no　leaking；　no　caulking　of　deck…planks

or　waterways；　nor　any　consequent　damaging　of　cargo。　　Having　found

it　impossible　to　combine　satisfactorily　wood　with　iron；　each

being　so　differently　affected　by　temperature　and　moisture；　I

secured　some　of　these　novelties　of　construction　in　a　patent；　by

which　filling　in　the　spaces　between　frames；　&c。；　with　Portland

cement；　instead　of　chocks　of　wood；　and　covering　the　iron　plates

with　cement　and　tiles；　came　into　practice；　and　this　has　since

come　into　very　general　use。



The　Tiber；　already　referred　to；　was　235　feet　in　length　when　first

constructed　by　Read；　of　Glasgow；　and　was　then　thought　too　long；

but　she　was　now　placed　in　our　hands　to　be　lengthened　39　feet；　as

well　as　to　have　an　iron　deck　added；　both　of　which　greatly

improved　her。　　We　also　lengthened　the　Messrs。　Bibby's　Calpealso

built　by　Messrs。　Thomson　while　I　was　thereby　no　less　than　93

feet。　　The　advantage　of　lengthening　ships；　retaining　the　same

beam　and　power；　having　become　generally　recognised；　we　were　in

trusted　by　the　Cunard　Company　to　lengthen　the　Hecla；　Olympus；

Atlas；　and　Marathon；　each　by　63　feet。　　The　　Royal　Consort　P。S。；

which　had　been　lengthened　first　at　Liverpool；　was　again

lengthened　by　us　at　Belfast。



The　success　of　all　this　heavy　work；　executed　for　succ