men of invention and industry-第29节

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where　he　was　working；　to　his　home　at　Redruth。　　This　lantern　was

formed　by　filling　a　bladder　with　gas　and　fixing　a　jet　to　the

mouthpiece　at　the　bottom　of　a　glass　lantern；　with　the　bladder

hanging　underneath。



Having　satisfied　himself　as　to　the　superior　economy　of　coal　gas；

as　compared　with　oils　and　tallow；　for　the　purposes　of　artificial

illumination；　Murdock　mentioned　the　subject　to　Mr。　James　Watt；

jun。；　during　a　brief　visit　to　Soho　in　1794；　and　urged　the

propriety　of　taking　out　a　patent。　　Watt　was；　however；　indifferent

to　taking　out　any　further　patents；　being　still　engaged　in

contesting　with　the　Cornish　mine…owners　his　father's　rights　to

the　user　of　the　condensing　steam…engine。　　Nothing　definite　was

done　at　the　time。　　Murdock　returned　to　Cornwall　and　continued　his

experiments。　　At　the　end　of　the　same　year　he　exhibited　to　Mr。

Phillips　and　others；　at　the　Polgooth　mine；　his　apparatus　for

extracting　gases　from　coal　and　other　substances；　showed　it　in

use；　lit　the　gas　which　issued　from　the　burner；　and　showed　its

〃strong　and　beautiful　light。〃　　He　afterwards　exhibited　the　same

apparatus　to　Tregelles　and　others　at　the　Neath　Abbey　Company's

ironworks　in　Glamorganshire。



Murdock　returned　to　Soho　in　1798；　to　take　up　his　permanent

residence　in　the　neighbourhood。　　When　the　mine　owners　heard　of

his　intention　to　leave　Cornwall；　they　combined　in　offering　him　a

handsome　salary　provided　he　would　remain　in　the　county；　but　his

attachment　to　his　friends　at　Soho　would　not　allow　him　to　comply

with　their　request。　　He　again　urged　the　firm　of　Boulton　and　Watt

to　take　out　a　patent　for　the　use　of　gas　for　lighting　purposes。　

But　being　still　embroiled　in　their　tedious　and　costly　lawsuit；

they　were　naturally　averse　to　risk　connection　with　any　other

patent。　　Watt　the　younger；　with　whom　Murdock　communicated　on　the

subject；　was　aware　that　the　current　of　gas　obtained　from　the

distillation　of　coal　in　Lord　Dundonald's　tar…ovens　had　been

occasionally　set　fire　to；　and　also　that　Bishop　Watson　and　others

had　burned　gas　from　coal；　after　conducting　it　through　tubes；　or

after　it　had　issued　from　the　retort。　　Mr。　Watt　was；　however；

quite　satisfied　that　Murdock　was　the　first　person　who　had

suggested　its　economical　application　for　public　and　private　uses。



But　he　was　not　clear；　after　the　legal　difficulties　which　had　been

raised　as　to　his　father's　patent　rights；　that　it　would　be　safe　to

risk　a　further　patent　for　gas。



Mr。　Murdock's　suggestion；　accordingly；　was　not　acted　upon。　　But

he　went　on　inventing　in　other　directions。　　He　thenceforward

devoted　himself　entirely　to　mechanical　pursuits。　　Mr。　Buckle　has

said　of　him：　〃The　rising　sun　often　found　him；　after　a　night

spent　in　incessant　labour；　still　at　the　anvil　or　turning…lathe；

for　with　his　own　hands　he　would　make　such　articles　as　he　would

not　intrust　to　unskilful　ones。〃　　In　1799　he　took　out　a　patent

（No。　2340）；　embodying　some　very　important　inventions。　　First；　it

included　the　endless　screw　working　into　a　toothed…wheel；　for

boring　steam…cylinders；　which　is　still　in　use。　　Second；　the

casting　of　a　steam…jacket　in　one　cylinder；　instead　of　being　made

in　separate　segments　bolted　together　with　caulked　joints；　as　was

previously　done。　　Third；　the　new　double…D　slide…valve；　by　which

the　construction　and　working　of　the　steam…engine　was　simplified；

and　the　loss　of　steam　saved；　as　well　as　the　cylindrical　valve　for

the　same　purpose。　　And　fourth；　improved　rotary　engines。　　One　of

the　latter　was　set　to　drive　the　machines　in　his　private　workshop；

and　continued　in　nearly　constant　work　and　in　perfect　use　for

about　thirty　years。



In　1801；　Murdock　sent　his　two　sons　William　and　John　to　the　Ayr

Academy；　for　the　benefit　of　Scotch　education。　　In　the　summer…time

they　spent　their　vacation　at　Bellow　Mill；　which　their　grandfather

still　continued　to　occupy。　　They　fished　in　the　river；　and　〃caught

a　good　many　trout。〃　　The　boys　corresponded　regularly　with　their

father　at　Birmingham。　　In　1804；　they　seem　to　have　been　in　a　state

of　great　excitement　about　the　expected　landing　of　the　French　in

Scotland。　　The　volunteers　of　Ayr　amounted　to　300　men；　the　cavalry

to　150；　and　the　riflemen　to　50。　　〃The　riflemen；〃　says　John；　〃go

to　the　seashore　every　Saturday　to　shoot　at　a　target。　　They　stand

at　70　paces　distant；　and　out　of　100　shots　they　often　put　in　60

bullets！〃　　William　says；　〃Great　preparations　are　still　making　for

the　　reception　of　the　French。　　Several　thousand　of　pikes　are

carried　through　the　town　every　week；　and　all　the　volunteers　and

riflemen　have　received　orders　to　march　at　a　moment's　warning。〃　

The　alarm；　however；　passed　away。　　At　the　end　of　1804；　the　two

boys　received　prizes；　William　got　one　in　arithmetic　and　another

in　the　Rector's　composition　class；　and　John　also　obtained　two；

one　in　the　mathematical　class；　and　the　other　in　French。



To　return　to　the　application　of　gas　for　lighting　purposes。　　In

1801；　a　plan　was　proposed　by　a　M。　Le　Blond　for　lighting　a　part　of

the　streets　of　Paris　with　gas。　　Murdock　actively　resumed　his

experiments；　and　on　the　occasion　of　the　Peace　of　Amiens　in　March；

1802；　he　made　the　first　public　exhibition　of　his　invention。　　The

whole　of　the　works　at　Soho　were　brilliantly　illuminated　with　gas。



The　sight　was　received　with　immense　enthusiasm。　　There　could　now

be　no　doubt　as　to　the　enormous　advantages　of　this　method　of

producing　artificial　light；　compared　with　that　from　oil　or

tallow。　　In　the　following　year　the　manufacture　of　gas…making

apparatus　was　added　to　the　other　branches　of　Boulton　and　Watts'

business；　with　which　Murdock　was　now　associated；and　as　much　as

from　4000L。　to　5000L。　of　capital　were　invested　in　the　new　works。　

The　new　method　of　lighting　speedily　became　popular　amongst

manufacturers；　from　its　superior　safety；　cheapness；　and

illuminating　power。　　The　mills　of　Phillips　and　Lee　of　Manchester

were　fitted　up　in　1805；　and　those　of　Burley　and　Kennedy；　also　of

Manchester；　and　of　Messrs。　Gott；　of　Leeds；　in　subsequent　years。



Though　Murdock　had　made　the　uses　of　gas…lighting　perfectly　clear；

it　was　some　time　before　it　was　proposed　to　light　the　streets　by

the　new　method。　　The　idea　was　ridiculed　by　Sir　Humphry　Davy；　who

asked　one　of　the　projectors　if　he　intended　to　take　the　dome　of

St。　Paul's　for　a　gasometer！　　Sir　Waiter　Scott　made　many　clever

jokes　about　those　who　proposed　to　〃send　light　through　the　streets

in　pipes；〃　and　even　Wollaston；　a　well　known　man　of　science；

declared　that　they　〃might　as　well　attempt　to　light　London　with　a

slice　from　the　moon。〃　　It　has　been　so　with　all　new　projects

with　the　steamboat；　the　locomotive；　and　the　　electric　telegraph。　

As　John　Wilkinson　said　of　the　first　vessel　of　iron　which　he

introduced；　〃it　will　be　only　a　nine　days'　wonder；　and　afterwards

a　Columbus's　egg。〃



On　the　25th　of　February；　1808；　Murdock　read　a　paper　before　the

Royal　Society　〃On　the　Application　of　Gas　from　Coal　to　economical

purposes。〃　　He　gave　a　history　of　the　origin　and　progress　of　his

experiments；　down　to　the　time　when　he　had　satisfactorily　lit　up

the　premises　of　Phillips　and　Lee　at　Manchester。　　The　paper　was

modest　and　unassuming；　like　everything　he　did。



It　concluded：　〃I　believe　I　may；　without　presuming　too　much；

claim　both　the　first　idea　of　applying；　and　the　first　application

of　this　gas　to　economical　purposes。〃＇9＇　　The　Royal　Society

awarded　Murdock　their　large　Rumford　Gold　Medal　for　his

communication。



In　the　following　year　a　German　named　Wintzer；　or　Winsor；　appeared

as　the　promotor　of　a　scheme　for　obtaining　a　royal　charter　with

extensive　privileges；　and　applied　for　powers　to　form　a

joint…stock　company　to　light　part　of　London　and　Westminster　with

gas。　　Winsor　claimed　for　his　method　of　gas　manufacture　that　it

was　more　efficacious　and　profitable　than　any　then　known　or

practised。　　The　profits；　indeed；　were　to　be　prodigious。　　Winsor

made　an　elaborate　calculation　in　his　pamphlet　entitled　'The　New

Patriotic　Imperial　and　National　Light　and　Heat　Company；'　from

which　it　appeared　that　the　net　annual　profits　〃agreeable　to　the

official　experiments〃　would　amount　to　over　two　hundred　and

twenty…nine　millions　of　pounds！and　that；　giving　over

nine…tenths　of　that　sum　towards　the　redemption　of　the　National

Debt；　there　would　still　remain　a　total　profit　of　570L。　to　be　paid

to　the　subscribers　for　every　5L。　of　deposit！　　Winsor　took　out　a

patent　for　the　invention；　and　the　company；　of　which　he　was　a

member；　proceeded　to　Parliament　for　an　Act。　　Boulton　and　Watt

petitioned　against　the　Bill；　and　James　Watt；　junior；　gave

evidence　on　the　subject。　　Henry　Brougham；　who　was　the　counsel　for

the　petitioners；　made　great　fun　of　Winsor's　absurd

speculations；＇10＇　and　the　Bill　was　thrown　out。



In　the　following　year　the　London　and　Westminster　Chartered　Gas

Light　and　Coke　Company　succeeded　in　obtaining　their　Act。　　They

were　not　very　successful　at　first。　　Many　prejudices　existed

against　the　employment　of　the　new　light。　　It　was　popular