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                                     400 BC



                                OF THE EPIDEMICS



                                 by Hippocrates



                          translated by Francis Adams











                     OF THE EPIDEMICS



             BOOK I。 Sect。 I。 First Constitution







  1。 IN THASUS; about the autumn equinox; and under the Pleiades;



the rains were abundant; constant; and soft; with southerly winds; the



winter southerly; the northerly winds faint; droughts; on the whole;



the winter having the character of spring。 The spring was southerly;



cool; rains small in quantity。 Summer; for the most part; cloudy; no



rain; the Etesian winds; rare and small; blew in an irregular



manner。 The whole constitution of the season being thus inclined to



the southerly; and with droughts early in the spring; from the



preceding opposite and northerly state; ardent fevers occurred in a



few instances; and these very mild; being rarely attended with



hemorrhage; and never proving fatal。 Swellings appeared about the



ears; in many on either side; and in the greatest number on both



sides; being unaccompanied by fever so as not to confine the patient



to bed; in all cases they disappeared without giving trouble;



neither did any of them come to suppuration; as is common in swellings



from other causes。 They were of a lax; large; diffused character;



without inflammation or pain; and they went away without any



critical sign。 They seized children; adults; and mostly those who were



engaged in the exercises of the palestra and gymnasium; but seldom



attacked women。 Many had dry coughs without expectoration; and



accompanied with hoarseness of voice。 In some instances earlier; and



in others later; inflammations with pain seized sometimes one of the



testicles; and sometimes both; some of these cases were accompanied



with fever and some not; the greater part of these were attended



with much suffering。 In other respects they were free of disease; so



as not to require medical assistance。



  2。 Early in the beginning of spring; and through the summer; and



towards winter; many of those who had been long gradually declining;



took to bed with symptoms of phthisis; in many cases formerly of a



doubtful character the disease then became confirmed; in these the



constitution inclined to the phthisical。 Many; and; in fact; the



most of them; died; and of those confined to bed; I do not know if a



single individual survived for any considerable time; they died more



suddenly than is common in such cases。 But other diseases; of a



protracted character; and attended with fever; were well supported;



and did not prove fatal: of these we will give a description



afterwards。 Consumption was the most considerable of the diseases



which then prevailed; and the only one which proved fatal to many



persons。 Most of them were affected by these diseases in the following



manner: fevers accompanied with rigors; of the continual type;



acute; having no complete intermissions; but of the form of the



semi…tertians; being milder the one day; and the next having an



exacerbation; and increasing in violence; constant sweats; but not



diffused over the whole body; extremities very cold; and warmed with



difficulty; bowels disordered; with bilious; scanty; unmixed; thin;



pungent; and frequent dejections。 The urine was thin; colorless;



unconcocted; or thick; with a deficient sediment; not settling



favorably; but casting down a crude and unseasonable sediment。 Sputa



small; dense; concocted; but brought up rarely and with difficulty;



and in those who encountered the most violent symptoms there was no



concoction at all; but they continued throughout spitting crude



matters。 Their fauces; in most of them; were painful from first to



last; having redness with inflammation; defluxions thin; small and



acrid; they were soon wasted and became worse; having no appetite



for any kind of food throughout; no thirst; most persons delirious



when near death。 So much concerning the phthisical affections。



  3。 In the course of the summer and autumn many fevers of the



continual type; but not violent; they attacked persons who had been



long indisposed; but who were otherwise not in an uncomfortable state。



In most cases the bowels were disordered in a very moderate degree;



and they did not suffer thereby in any manner worth mentioning; the



urine was generally well colored; clear; thin; and after a time



becoming concocted near the crisis。 They had not much cough; nor it



troublesome; they were not in appetite; for it was necessary to give



them food (on the whole; persons laboring under phthisis were not



affected in the usual manner)。 They were affected with fevers; rigors;



and deficient sweats; with varied and irregular paroxysms; in



general not intermitting; but having exacerbations in the tertian



form。 The earliest crisis which occurred was about the twentieth



day; in most about the fortieth; and in many about the eightieth。



But there were cases in which it did not leave them thus at all; but



in an irregular manner; and without any crisis; in most of these the



fevers; after a brief interval; relapsed again; and from these



relapses they came to a crisis in the same periods; but in many they



were prolonged so that the disease was not gone at the approach of



winter。 Of all those which are described under this constitution;



the phthisical diseases alone were of a fatal character; for in all



the others the patients bore up well; and did not die of the other



fevers。



                  Sect。 II。 Second Constitution







  1。 In Thasus; early in autumn; the winter suddenly set in rainy



before the usual time; with much northerly and southerly winds。



These things all continued so during the season of the Pleiades; and



until their setting。 The winter was northerly; the rains frequent;



in torrents; and large; with snow; but with a frequent mixture of fair



weather。 These things were all so; but the setting in of the cold



was not much out of season。 After the winter solstice; and at the time



when the zephyr usually begins to blow; severe winterly storms out



of season; with much northerly wind; snow; continued and copious



rains; the sky tempestuous and clouded; these things were



protracted; and did not remit until the equinox。 The spring was



cold; northerly; rainy; and clouded; the summer was not very sultry;



the Etesian winds blew constant; but quickly afterwards; about the



rising of Arcturus; there were again many rains with north winds。



The whole season being wet; cold; and northerly; people were; for



the most part; healthy during winter; but early in the spring very



many; indeed; the greater part; were valetudinary。 At first



ophthalmies set in; with rheums; pains; unconcocted discharges;



small concretions; generally breaking with difficulty; in most



instances they relapsed; and they did not cease until late in



autumn。 During summer and autumn there were dysenteric affections;



attacks of tenesmus and lientery; bilious diarrhoea; with thin;



copious; undigested; and acrid dejections; and sometimes with watery



stools; many had copious defluxions; with pain; of a bilious;



watery; slimy; purulent nature; attended with strangury; not connected



with disease of the kidneys; but one complaint succeeding the other;



vomitings of bile; phlegm; and undigested food; sweats; in all cases a



reduncance of humors。 In many instances these complaints were



unattended with fever; and did not prevent the patients from walking



about; but some cases were febrile; as will be described。 In some



all those described below occurred with pain。 During autumn; and at



the commencement of winter; there were phthisical complaints;



continual fevers; and; in a few cases; ardent; some diurnal; others



nocturnal; semi…tertians; true tertians; quartans; irregular fevers。



  2。 All these fevers described attacked great numbers。 All these



fevers attacked the smallest numbers; and the patients suffered the



least from them; for there were no hemorrhages; except a few and to



a small amount; nor was there delirium; all the other complaints



were slight; in these the crises were regular; in most instances; with



the intermittents; in seventeen days; and I know no instance of a



person dying of causus; nor becoming phrenitic。 The tertians were more



numerous than the ardent fevers; and attended with more pain; but



these all had four periods in regular succession from the first



attack; and they had a complete crisis in seven; without a relapse



in any instance。 The quartans attacked many at first; in the form of



regular quartans; but in no few cases a transition from other fevers



and diseases into quartans took place; they were pro

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