of the epidemics-第1节

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　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　400　BC



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　OF　THE　EPIDEMICS



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　by　Hippocrates



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　translated　by　Francis　Adams











　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　OF　THE　EPIDEMICS



　　　　　　　　　　　　　BOOK　I。　Sect。　I。　First　Constitution







　　1。　IN　THASUS；　about　the　autumn　equinox；　and　under　the　Pleiades；



the　rains　were　abundant；　constant；　and　soft；　with　southerly　winds；　the



winter　southerly；　the　northerly　winds　faint；　droughts；　on　the　whole；



the　winter　having　the　character　of　spring。　The　spring　was　southerly；



cool；　rains　small　in　quantity。　Summer；　for　the　most　part；　cloudy；　no



rain；　the　Etesian　winds；　rare　and　small；　blew　in　an　irregular



manner。　The　whole　constitution　of　the　season　being　thus　inclined　to



the　southerly；　and　with　droughts　early　in　the　spring；　from　the



preceding　opposite　and　northerly　state；　ardent　fevers　occurred　in　a



few　instances；　and　these　very　mild；　being　rarely　attended　with



hemorrhage；　and　never　proving　fatal。　Swellings　appeared　about　the



ears；　in　many　on　either　side；　and　in　the　greatest　number　on　both



sides；　being　unaccompanied　by　fever　so　as　not　to　confine　the　patient



to　bed；　in　all　cases　they　disappeared　without　giving　trouble；



neither　did　any　of　them　come　to　suppuration；　as　is　common　in　swellings



from　other　causes。　They　were　of　a　lax；　large；　diffused　character；



without　inflammation　or　pain；　and　they　went　away　without　any



critical　sign。　They　seized　children；　adults；　and　mostly　those　who　were



engaged　in　the　exercises　of　the　palestra　and　gymnasium；　but　seldom



attacked　women。　Many　had　dry　coughs　without　expectoration；　and



accompanied　with　hoarseness　of　voice。　In　some　instances　earlier；　and



in　others　later；　inflammations　with　pain　seized　sometimes　one　of　the



testicles；　and　sometimes　both；　some　of　these　cases　were　accompanied



with　fever　and　some　not；　the　greater　part　of　these　were　attended



with　much　suffering。　In　other　respects　they　were　free　of　disease；　so



as　not　to　require　medical　assistance。



　　2。　Early　in　the　beginning　of　spring；　and　through　the　summer；　and



towards　winter；　many　of　those　who　had　been　long　gradually　declining；



took　to　bed　with　symptoms　of　phthisis；　in　many　cases　formerly　of　a



doubtful　character　the　disease　then　became　confirmed；　in　these　the



constitution　inclined　to　the　phthisical。　Many；　and；　in　fact；　the



most　of　them；　died；　and　of　those　confined　to　bed；　I　do　not　know　if　a



single　individual　survived　for　any　considerable　time；　they　died　more



suddenly　than　is　common　in　such　cases。　But　other　diseases；　of　a



protracted　character；　and　attended　with　fever；　were　well　supported；



and　did　not　prove　fatal：　of　these　we　will　give　a　description



afterwards。　Consumption　was　the　most　considerable　of　the　diseases



which　then　prevailed；　and　the　only　one　which　proved　fatal　to　many



persons。　Most　of　them　were　affected　by　these　diseases　in　the　following



manner：　fevers　accompanied　with　rigors；　of　the　continual　type；



acute；　having　no　complete　intermissions；　but　of　the　form　of　the



semi…tertians；　being　milder　the　one　day；　and　the　next　having　an



exacerbation；　and　increasing　in　violence；　constant　sweats；　but　not



diffused　over　the　whole　body；　extremities　very　cold；　and　warmed　with



difficulty；　bowels　disordered；　with　bilious；　scanty；　unmixed；　thin；



pungent；　and　frequent　dejections。　The　urine　was　thin；　colorless；



unconcocted；　or　thick；　with　a　deficient　sediment；　not　settling



favorably；　but　casting　down　a　crude　and　unseasonable　sediment。　Sputa



small；　dense；　concocted；　but　brought　up　rarely　and　with　difficulty；



and　in　those　who　encountered　the　most　violent　symptoms　there　was　no



concoction　at　all；　but　they　continued　throughout　spitting　crude



matters。　Their　fauces；　in　most　of　them；　were　painful　from　first　to



last；　having　redness　with　inflammation；　defluxions　thin；　small　and



acrid；　they　were　soon　wasted　and　became　worse；　having　no　appetite



for　any　kind　of　food　throughout；　no　thirst；　most　persons　delirious



when　near　death。　So　much　concerning　the　phthisical　affections。



　　3。　In　the　course　of　the　summer　and　autumn　many　fevers　of　the



continual　type；　but　not　violent；　they　attacked　persons　who　had　been



long　indisposed；　but　who　were　otherwise　not　in　an　uncomfortable　state。



In　most　cases　the　bowels　were　disordered　in　a　very　moderate　degree；



and　they　did　not　suffer　thereby　in　any　manner　worth　mentioning；　the



urine　was　generally　well　colored；　clear；　thin；　and　after　a　time



becoming　concocted　near　the　crisis。　They　had　not　much　cough；　nor　it



troublesome；　they　were　not　in　appetite；　for　it　was　necessary　to　give



them　food　（on　the　whole；　persons　laboring　under　phthisis　were　not



affected　in　the　usual　manner）。　They　were　affected　with　fevers；　rigors；



and　deficient　sweats；　with　varied　and　irregular　paroxysms；　in



general　not　intermitting；　but　having　exacerbations　in　the　tertian



form。　The　earliest　crisis　which　occurred　was　about　the　twentieth



day；　in　most　about　the　fortieth；　and　in　many　about　the　eightieth。



But　there　were　cases　in　which　it　did　not　leave　them　thus　at　all；　but



in　an　irregular　manner；　and　without　any　crisis；　in　most　of　these　the



fevers；　after　a　brief　interval；　relapsed　again；　and　from　these



relapses　they　came　to　a　crisis　in　the　same　periods；　but　in　many　they



were　prolonged　so　that　the　disease　was　not　gone　at　the　approach　of



winter。　Of　all　those　which　are　described　under　this　constitution；



the　phthisical　diseases　alone　were　of　a　fatal　character；　for　in　all



the　others　the　patients　bore　up　well；　and　did　not　die　of　the　other



fevers。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Sect。　II。　Second　Constitution







　　1。　In　Thasus；　early　in　autumn；　the　winter　suddenly　set　in　rainy



before　the　usual　time；　with　much　northerly　and　southerly　winds。



These　things　all　continued　so　during　the　season　of　the　Pleiades；　and



until　their　setting。　The　winter　was　northerly；　the　rains　frequent；



in　torrents；　and　large；　with　snow；　but　with　a　frequent　mixture　of　fair



weather。　These　things　were　all　so；　but　the　setting　in　of　the　cold



was　not　much　out　of　season。　After　the　winter　solstice；　and　at　the　time



when　the　zephyr　usually　begins　to　blow；　severe　winterly　storms　out



of　season；　with　much　northerly　wind；　snow；　continued　and　copious



rains；　the　sky　tempestuous　and　clouded；　these　things　were



protracted；　and　did　not　remit　until　the　equinox。　The　spring　was



cold；　northerly；　rainy；　and　clouded；　the　summer　was　not　very　sultry；



the　Etesian　winds　blew　constant；　but　quickly　afterwards；　about　the



rising　of　Arcturus；　there　were　again　many　rains　with　north　winds。



The　whole　season　being　wet；　cold；　and　northerly；　people　were；　for



the　most　part；　healthy　during　winter；　but　early　in　the　spring　very



many；　indeed；　the　greater　part；　were　valetudinary。　At　first



ophthalmies　set　in；　with　rheums；　pains；　unconcocted　discharges；



small　concretions；　generally　breaking　with　difficulty；　in　most



instances　they　relapsed；　and　they　did　not　cease　until　late　in



autumn。　During　summer　and　autumn　there　were　dysenteric　affections；



attacks　of　tenesmus　and　lientery；　bilious　diarrhoea；　with　thin；



copious；　undigested；　and　acrid　dejections；　and　sometimes　with　watery



stools；　many　had　copious　defluxions；　with　pain；　of　a　bilious；



watery；　slimy；　purulent　nature；　attended　with　strangury；　not　connected



with　disease　of　the　kidneys；　but　one　complaint　succeeding　the　other；



vomitings　of　bile；　phlegm；　and　undigested　food；　sweats；　in　all　cases　a



reduncance　of　humors。　In　many　instances　these　complaints　were



unattended　with　fever；　and　did　not　prevent　the　patients　from　walking



about；　but　some　cases　were　febrile；　as　will　be　described。　In　some



all　those　described　below　occurred　with　pain。　During　autumn；　and　at



the　commencement　of　winter；　there　were　phthisical　complaints；



continual　fevers；　and；　in　a　few　cases；　ardent；　some　diurnal；　others



nocturnal；　semi…tertians；　true　tertians；　quartans；　irregular　fevers。



　　2。　All　these　fevers　described　attacked　great　numbers。　All　these



fevers　attacked　the　smallest　numbers；　and　the　patients　suffered　the



least　from　them；　for　there　were　no　hemorrhages；　except　a　few　and　to



a　small　amount；　nor　was　there　delirium；　all　the　other　complaints



were　slight；　in　these　the　crises　were　regular；　in　most　instances；　with



the　intermittents；　in　seventeen　days；　and　I　know　no　instance　of　a



person　dying　of　causus；　nor　becoming　phrenitic。　The　tertians　were　more



numerous　than　the　ardent　fevers；　and　attended　with　more　pain；　but



these　all　had　four　periods　in　regular　succession　from　the　first



attack；　and　they　had　a　complete　crisis　in　seven；　without　a　relapse



in　any　instance。　The　quartans　attacked　many　at　first；　in　the　form　of



regular　quartans；　but　in　no　few　cases　a　transition　from　other　fevers



and　diseases　into　quartans　took　place；　they　were　pro