criminal psychology-第25节

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＇5＇　Schrenck…Notzing：　Ztschrft。　f。　Hypnotismus；　VII；　121；　VIII；　40；　275；　IX；　98。

　with　powerful　sense　stimuli。　Hence　they　are　easily　led　to　crime；　especially　to　arson。　It　is　asserted　that　uneducated　people　in　lonesome；　very　isolated　regions；　such　as　mountain　tops；　great　moors；　coast　country；　are　particularly　subject　to　nostalgia。　This　seems　to　be　true　and　is　explained　by　the　fact　that　educated　people　easily　find　diversion　from　their　sad　thoughts　and　in　some　degree　take　a　piece　of　home　with　them　in　their　more　or　less　international　culture。　In　the　same　way　it　is　conceivable　that　inhabitants　of　a　region　not　particularly　individualized　do　not　so　easily　notice　differences。　Especially　he　who　passes　from　one　city　to　another　readily　finds　himself；　but　mountain　and　plain　contain　so　much　that　is　contrary　that　the　feeling　of　strangeness　is　overmastering。　So　then；　if　the　home…sick　person　is　able；　he　tries　to　destroy　his　nostalgia　through　the　noisiest　and　most　exciting　pleasures；　if　he　is　not；　he　sets　fire　to　a　house　or　in　case　of　need；　kills　somebodyin　short　what　he　needs　is　explosive　relief。　Such　events　are　so　numerous　that　they　ought　to　have　considerable　attention。　Nostalgia　should　be　kept　in　mind　where　no　proper　motive　for　violence　is　to　be　found　and　where　the　suspect　is　a　person　with　the　above…mentioned　qualities。　Then　again；　if　one　discovers　that　the　suspect　is　really　suffering　from　home…sickness；　from　great　home…sickness　for　his　local　relations；　one　has　a　point　from　which　the　criminal　may　be　reached。　As　a　rule　such　very　pitiful　individuals　are　so　less　likely　to　deny　their　crime　in　the　degree　in　which　they　feel　unhappy　that　their　sorrow　is　not　perceivably　increased　through　arrest。　Besides　that；　the　legal　procedure　to　which　they　are　subjected　is　a　not　undesired；　new　and　powerful　stimulus　to　them。

When　such　nostalgiacs　confess　their　deed　they　never；　so　far　as　I　know；　confess　its　motive。　Apparently　they　do　not　know　the　motive　and　hence　cannot　explain　the　deed。　As　a　rule　one　hears；　‘‘I　don't　know　why；　I　had　to　do　it。''　Just　where　this　begins　to　be　abnormal；　must　be　decided　by　the　physician；　who　must　always　be　consulted　when　nostalgia　is　the　ground　for　a　crime。　Of　course　it　is　not　impossible　that　a　criminal　in　order　to　excite　pity　should　explain　his　crime　as　the　result　of　unconquerable　home…sicknessbut　that　must　always　be　untrue　because；　as　we　have　shown；　anybody　who　acts　out　of　home…sickness；　does　not　know　it　and　can　not　tell　it。


Section　18。　（5）　_Reflex　Movements_。


Reflex　actions　are　also　of　greater　significance　than　as　a　rule　they　are　supposed　to　be。　According　to　Lotze；＇1＇　‘‘reflex　actions　are　not

＇1＇　Lotze：　Medizinisehe　Psychologie。　Leipzig　1852。

　limited　to　habitual　and　insignificant　affairs　of　the　daily　life。　Even　compounded　series　of　actions　which　enclose　the　content　even　of　a　crime　may　come　to　actuality　in　this　way　。　。　。　in　a　single　moment　in　which　the　sufficient　opposition　of　some　other　emotional　condition；　the　enduring　intensity　of　emotion　directed　against　an　obstacle；　or　the　clearness　of　a　moving　series　of　ideas　is　lacking。　The　deed　may　emerge　from　the　image　of　itself　without　being　caused　or　accompanied　by　any　resolve　of　the　doer。　Hearings　of　criminals　are　full　of　statements　which　point　to　such　a　realization　of　their　crimes；　and　these　are　often　considered　self…exculpating　inventions；　inasmuch　as　people　fear　from　their　truth　a　disturbance　or　upsetting　of　the　notions　concerning　adjudication　and　actionability。　The　mere　recognition　of　that　psychological　fact　alters　the　conventional　judgment　but　little；　the　failure　in　these　cases　consists　in　not　having　prevented　that　automatic　transition　of　images　into　actions；　a　transition　essentially　natural　to　our　organism　which　ought；　however；　like　so　many　other　things；　to　be　subjected　to　power　of　the　will。''　Reflex　movements　require　closer　study。＇1＇　The　most　numerous　and　generally　known　are：　dropping　the　eyelids；　coughing；　sneezing；　swallowing；　all　involuntary　actions　against　approaching　or　falling　bodies；　then　again　the　patellar　reflex　and　the　kremaster　reflex；　etc。　Other　movements　of　the　same　kind　were　once　known　and　so　often　practiced　that　they　became　involuntary。＇2＇　Hence；　for　example；　the　foolish　question　how　a　person　believed　to　be　disguised　can　be　recognized　as　man　or　woman。　The　well　known　answer　is：　let　some　small　object　fall　on　his　lap；　the　woman　will　spread　her　limbs　apart　because　she　is　accustomed　to　wear　a　dress　in　which　she　catches　the　object；　the　man　will　bring　his　limbs　together　because　he　wears　trousers　and　is　able　to　catch　the　object　only　in　this　way。　There　are　so　many　such　habitual　actions　that　it　is　difficult　to　say　where　actual　reflexes　end　and　habits　begin。　They　will　be　properly　distinguished　when　the　first　are　understood　as　single　detached　movements　and　the　last　as　a　continuous；　perhaps　even　unconscious　and　long…enduring　action。　When　I；　for　example；　while　working；　take　a　cigar；　cut　off　the　end；　light　it；　smoke；　and　later　am　absolutely　unaware　that　I　have　done　this；　what　has　occurred　is　certainly　not　a　reflex　but　a　habitual　action。　The　latter　does　not　belong　to　this　class　in　which　are　to　be　grouped　only　such　as　practically　bear　a　defensive　character。　As　examples　of　how　such　movements　may　have　criminological　significance　only　one's　own

＇1＇　Berz