the greatness of cities-µÚ14½Ú
°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡
of¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡partly¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡virtue¡¡nutritive¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cities¡£¡¡The¡¡virtue¡¡generative¡¡is¡¡without¡¡doubt¡¡to¡¡this¡¡day¡¡the¡¡very¡¡same£»¡¡or¡¡at¡¡least¡¡such¡¡as¡¡it¡¡was¡¡before¡¡three¡¡thousand¡¡years¡¡were¡¡passed£»¡¡forasmuch¡¡as¡¡men¡¡are¡¡at¡¡this¡¡day¡¡as¡¡apt¡¡for¡¡generation¡¡as¡¡they¡¡were¡¡in¡¡the¡¡times¡¡of¡¡David¡¡or¡¡of¡¡Moses¡£¡¡So¡¡that¡¡if¡¡there¡¡were¡¡no¡¡other¡¡impediment¡¡or¡¡let¡¡therein£»¡¡the¡¡propagation¡¡of¡¡mankind¡¡would¡£¡¡increase¡¡without¡¡end£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡augmentation¡¡of¡¡cities¡¡would¡¡be¡¡without¡¡term¡£¡¡And¡¡if¡¡it¡¡do¡¡not¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡infinite¡¡I¡¡must¡¡needs¡¡say¡¡it¡¡proceedeth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡defect¡¡of¡¡nutriment¡¡and¡¡sustenance¡¡sufficient¡¡for¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Now¡¡nutriment¡¡and¡¡victuals¡¡are¡¡gotten¡¡either¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡territories¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡the¡¡city¡¡or¡¡out¡¡of¡¡foreign¡¡countries¡£¡¡To¡¡have¡¡a¡¡city¡¡great¡¡and¡¡populous¡¡it¡¡is¡¡necessary¡¡that¡¡victuals¡¡may¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡from¡¡far¡¡unto¡¡it¡£¡¡And¡¡that¡¡victuals¡¡may¡¡be¡¡brought¡¡from¡¡remote¡¡and¡¡foreign¡¡parts¡¡unto¡¡it¡¡it¡¡behoves¡¡that¡¡her¡¡virtue¡¡attractive¡¡be¡¡of¡¡such¡¡power¡¡and¡¡strength¡¡as¡¡it¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡overcome¡¡the¡¡hardness¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sharpness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡regions£»¡¡the¡¡height¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mountains£»¡¡the¡¡descent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡valleys£»¡¡the¡¡swiftness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rivers£»¡¡the¡¡rage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡seas£»¡¡the¡¡dangers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pirates£»¡¡the¡¡uncertainty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡winds£»¡¡the¡¡greatness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡charge£»¡¡the¡¡evil¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ways£»¡¡the¡¡envy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bordering¡¡neighbours£»¡¡the¡¡hatred¡¡of¡¡enemies£»¡¡the¡¡emulation¡¡of¡¡competitors£»¡¡the¡¡length¡¡of¡¡the¡¡time¡¡that¡¡is¡¡required¡¡for¡¡transportation£»¡¡the¡¡dearths¡¡and¡¡necessities¡¡of¡¡the¡¡places¡¡from¡¡whence¡¡they¡¡must¡¡be¡¡brought£»¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡dissension¡¡of¡¡nations£»¡¡the¡¡contrariety¡¡of¡¡sects¡¡and¡¡opinions¡¡in¡¡religion£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡suchlike¡¡things£»¡¡all¡¡which¡¡increase¡¡as¡¡the¡¡people¡¡increase¡¡and¡¡the¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡city£º¡¡to¡¡conclude£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡grow¡¡to¡¡be¡¡so¡¡mighty¡¡and¡¡so¡¡great¡¡as¡¡it¡¡can¡¡overcome¡¡all¡¡the¡¡diligence¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡industry¡¡that¡¡man¡¡can¡¡use¡¡whatsoever¡£¡¡For¡¡how¡¡shall¡¡merchants¡¡be¡¡persuaded¡¡they¡¡can¡¡bring¡¡corn£»¡¡for¡¡example£»¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Indies¡¡or¡¡Cathay¡¡to¡¡Rome£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡expect¡¡to¡¡have¡¡it¡¡thence£¿¡¡But¡¡admit¡¡that¡¡either¡¡of¡¡them¡¡could¡¡so¡¡persuade¡¡themselves£»¡¡who¡¡can¡¡yet¡¡assure¡¡them¡¡the¡¡seasons¡¡will¡¡be¡¡always¡¡good¡¡for¡¡corn£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡stand¡¡to¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡quietness£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡passages¡¡be¡¡open¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ways¡¡be¡¡safe£¿¡¡Or¡¡what¡¡form¡¡or¡¡what¡¡course¡¡can¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡provision¡¡to¡¡Rome¡¡by¡¡so¡¡long¡¡a¡¡way¡¡by¡¡land£»¡¡in¡¡such¡¡sort¡¡and¡¡manner¡¡as¡¡the¡¡conductors¡¡thereof¡¡may¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡endure¡¡the¡¡travel¡¡and¡¡to¡¡wield¡¡the¡¡charge¡¡thereof£¿¡¡Now¡¡any¡¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡impediments¡¡or¡¡lets£»¡¡without¡¡adding¡¡more¡¡to¡¡overthwart¡¡and¡¡cross¡¡it¡¡more£»¡¡is¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡dissipate¡¡and¡¡scatter¡¡quite¡¡asunder¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡a¡¡city¡¡destitute¡¡of¡¡help¡¡and¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡so¡¡many¡¡accidents¡¡and¡¡chances¡£¡¡Even¡¡one¡¡dearth£»¡¡one¡¡famine£»¡¡one¡¡violence¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡one¡¡interruption¡¡or¡¡stay¡¡of¡¡trade¡¡and¡¡traffic£»¡¡one¡¡common¡¡loss¡¡to¡¡the¡¡merchants£»¡¡or¡¡other¡¡suchlike¡¡accident¡¡will¡¡make¡¡£¨as¡¡winter¡¡doth¡¡the¡¡swallows£©¡¡the¡¡people¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡another¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡ordinary¡¡greatness¡¡of¡¡a¡¡city¡¡consisteth¡¡in¡¡these¡¡terms£»¡¡with¡¡which¡¡it¡¡can¡¡hardly¡¡be¡¡contented¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡greatness¡¡that¡¡dependeth¡¡upon¡¡remote¡¡causes¡¡or¡¡hard¡¡means¡¡cannot¡¡long¡¡endure¡£¡¡For¡¡every¡¡man¡¡will¡¡seek¡¡his¡¡commodity¡¡and¡¡ease¡¡where¡¡he¡¡may¡¡find¡¡it¡¡best¡£¡¡We¡¡must¡¡also¡¡add¡¡to¡¡these¡¡things¡¡aforesaid¡¡that¡¡great¡¡cities¡¡are¡¡more¡¡subject¡¡unto¡¡dearths¡¡than¡¡the¡¡little£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡need¡¡more¡¡sustenance¡¡and¡¡victuals¡£¡¡The¡¡plague¡¡also¡¡afflicteth¡¡them¡¡more¡¡surely¡¡and¡¡more¡¡often£»¡¡with¡¡greater¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡people¡£¡¡And¡¡to¡¡speak¡¡in¡¡a¡¡word£»¡¡great¡¡cities¡¡are¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡all¡¡the¡¡difficulties¡¡and¡¡hardness¡¡we¡¡have¡¡before¡¡declared¡¡because¡¡they¡¡need¡¡a¡¡great¡¡deal¡¡more¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡that£»¡¡although¡¡men¡¡were¡¡as¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡generation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡height¡¡and¡¡pride¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡greatness¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡beginning¡¡thereof£»¡¡yet¡¡for¡¡all¡¡that¡¡the¡¡people¡¡increased¡¡not¡¡proportionably¡£¡¡For¡¡the¡¡virtue¡¡nutritive¡¡of¡¡that¡¡city¡¡had¡¡no¡¡power¡¡to¡¡go¡¡further£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡in¡¡success¡¡of¡¡time¡¡the¡¡inhabitants£»¡¡finding¡¡much¡¡want¡¡and¡¡less¡¡means¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡their¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡victual£»¡¡either¡¡forbare¡¡to¡¡marry¡¡or£»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡did¡¡marry£»¡¡their¡¡children¡¡oppressed¡¡with¡¡penury£»¡¡their¡¡parents¡¡affording¡¡them¡¡no¡¡relief£»¡¡fled¡¡their¡¡own¡¡country¡¡and¡¡sought¡¡abroad¡¡for¡¡better¡¡fortune¡£¡¡To¡¡the¡¡which¡¡inconvenience¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡provide¡¡a¡¡remedy£»¡¡they¡¡made¡¡choice¡¡of¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡poor¡¡citizens¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡them¡¡into¡¡colonies£»¡¡where£»¡¡like¡¡trees¡¡transplanted£»¡¡they¡¡might¡¡have¡¡more¡¡room¡¡to¡¡better¡¡themselves¡¡both¡¡in¡¡condition¡¡and¡¡commodity£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡that¡¡means¡¡increase¡¡and¡¡multiply¡¡the¡¡faster¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡By¡¡the¡¡selfsame¡¡reason¡¡mankind¡¡grown¡¡to¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡complete¡¡number¡¡hath¡¡grown¡¡no¡¡further¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡is¡¡three¡¡thousand¡¡years¡¡agone¡¡and¡¡more¡¡that¡¡the¡¡world¡¡was¡¡replenished¡¡as¡¡full¡¡with¡¡people¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡this¡¡present£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡fruits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡and¡¡the¡¡plenty¡¡of¡¡victual¡¡doth¡¡not¡¡suffice¡¡to¡¡feed¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡number¡£¡¡In¡¡Mesopotamia¡¡mankind¡¡did¡¡first¡¡begin¡¡to¡¡propagate¡£¡¡From¡¡thence¡¡by¡¡success¡¡of¡¡time¡¡it¡¡increased¡¡and¡¡spread¡¡apace¡¡daily¡¡both¡¡far¡¡and¡¡near¡¡and¡¡having¡¡replenished¡¡the¡¡firm¡¡land¡¡they¡¡transported¡¡themselves¡¡into¡¡the¡¡islands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡from¡¡our¡¡counties¡¡they¡¡have¡¡at¡¡length¡¡arrived¡¡by¡¡little¡¡and¡¡little¡¡to¡¡the¡¡counties¡¡we¡¡call¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World¡£¡¡And¡¡what¡¡is¡¡there¡¡under¡¡the¡¡sun¡¡that¡¡doth¡¡make¡¡man£»¡¡with¡¡more¡¡horrible¡¡effusion¡¡of¡¡blood£»¡¡to¡¡fight¡¡for£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡more¡¡cruelty£»¡¡than¡¡the¡¡earth£»¡¡food¡¡and¡¡commodity¡¡of¡¡habitation£¿¡¡The¡¡Suevians¡¡accounted¡¡it¡¡an¡¡honour¡¡and¡¡a¡¡glory¡¡to¡¡them¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡their¡¡confines¡¡by¡¡many¡¡hundred¡¡miles¡¡into¡¡a¡¡waste¡¡and¡¡wilderness¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡isle¡¡of¡¡St¡£¡¡Dominic¡¡and¡¡the¡¡borders¡¡thereabout£»¡¡the¡¡people¡¡chase¡¡and¡¡hunt¡¡men¡¡as¡¡we¡¡do¡¡deer¡¡and¡¡hares¡£¡¡The¡¡like¡¡do¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Brazil£»¡¡especially¡¡they¡¡whom¡¡we¡¡call¡¡Aymores£»¡¡who¡¡tear¡¡in¡¡pieces¡¡and¡¡devour¡¡young¡¡boys¡¡and¡¡young¡¡girls¡¡alive£»¡¡and¡¡open¡¡the¡¡bellies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡women¡¡great¡¡with¡¡child£»¡¡and¡¡take¡¡the¡¡creatures¡¡out£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡presence¡¡and¡¡sight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fathers¡¡themselves¡¡eat¡¡them¡¡roasted¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡coals¡¡¡¡a¡¡most¡¡horrible¡¡thing¡¡to¡¡hear£»¡¡much¡¡more¡¡to¡¡see¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Guinea¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part¡¡live¡¡so¡¡poor¡¡and¡¡needy¡¡as¡¡they¡¡daily¡¡sell¡¡their¡¡own¡¡children¡¡for¡¡very¡¡vile¡¡price¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Moors£»¡¡who¡¡carry¡¡them¡¡into¡¡Barbary£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Portugals£»¡¡who¡¡send¡¡them¡¡to¡¡their¡¡islands£»¡¡or¡¡sell¡¡them¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Castilians¡¡for¡¡the¡¡New¡¡World¡£¡¡The¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Peru¡¡do¡¡the¡¡like£»¡¡who¡¡for¡¡little¡¡more¡¡than¡¡nothing¡¡give¡¡their¡¡children¡¡to¡¡them¡¡will¡¡have¡¡them£»¡¡which¡¡proceedeth¡¡of¡¡misery£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡impotency¡¡they¡¡have¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡them¡¡up¡¡and¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡Tartars¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Arabians¡¡live¡¡upon¡¡stealth¡¡and¡¡rapine£»¡¡the¡¡Nasamoni¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Cafri£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡savage¡¡and¡¡barbarous¡¡people¡¡of¡¡all¡¡Ethiopia£»¡¡live¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡spoils¡¡of¡¡others'¡¡shipwrecks£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Portugals¡¡have¡¡many¡¡times¡¡felt¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡also¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡known¡¡to¡¡all¡¡men¡¡how¡¡oft¡¡the¡¡French£»¡¡the¡¡Dutch£»¡¡the¡¡Goths£»¡¡the¡¡Huns£»¡¡the¡¡Avari£»¡¡the¡¡Tartars¡¡and¡¡divers¡¡other¡¡nations£»¡¡unable¡¡through¡¡their¡¡infinite¡¡multitude¡¡of¡¡people¡¡to¡¡live¡¡in¡¡their¡¡own¡¡countries£»¡¡have¡¡left¡¡their¡¡confines¡¡and¡¡possessed¡¡themselves¡¡with¡¡other¡¡men's¡¡countries£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡utter¡¡ruin¡¡and¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡therein¡£¡¡Hence¡¡it¡¡came¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡that¡¡within¡¡few¡¡ages¡¡all¡¡the¡¡provinces¡¡of¡¡Europe¡¡and¡¡of¡¡Asia¡¡became¡¡possessed£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡manner£»¡¡of¡¡strange¡¡people£»¡¡fled¡¡and¡¡run¡¡out¡¡of¡¡their¡¡counties¡¡and¡¡habitations¡¡either¡¡for¡¡the¡¡mighty¡¡multitude¡¡of¡¡people¡¡their¡¡country¡¡could¡¡not¡¡sustain£»¡¡or¡¡for¡¡desire¡¡they¡¡had¡¡to¡¡lead¡¡a¡¡more¡¡commodious¡¡and¡¡easy¡¡life¡¡elsewhere£»¡¡in¡¡greater¡¡plenty¡¡of¡¡good¡¡things¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡multitude¡¡again¡¡of¡¡thieves¡¡and¡¡murderers£»¡¡whence¡¡doth¡¡it£»¡¡I¡¡pray¡¡you£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part¡¡grow£»¡¡but¡¡of¡¡necessity¡¡and¡¡want£¿¡¡Differences£»¡¡suits¡¡and¡¡quarrels£»¡¡whence¡¡do¡¡they¡¡proceed¡¡but¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡straitness¡¡and¡¡the¡¡scantness¡¡of¡¡confines£»¡¡boundaries£»¡¡ditches£»¡¡hedges¡¡and¡¡enclosures¡¡which¡¡men¡¡make¡¡about¡¡their¡¡farms¡¡and¡¡manors£¿¡¡Watchmen¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vineyards¡¡and¡¡of¡¡ripe¡¡fruits£»¡¡gates£»¡¡locks£»¡¡bolts¡¡and¡¡mastiffs¡¡kept¡¡about¡¡the¡¡house£»¡¡what¡¡do¡¡they¡¡argue¡¡else¡¡but¡¡that¡¡the¡¡world¡¡is¡¡hard¡¡and¡¡either¡¡ministreth¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡our¡¡necessities¡¡or¡¡satisfieth¡¡not¡¡our¡¡greedy¡¡covetous¡¡desires£¿¡¡And¡¡what¡¡shall¡¡I¡¡remember¡¡arms¡¡of¡¡so¡¡many¡¡kinds¡¡and¡¡of¡¡so¡¡cruel¡¡sorts£»¡¡what¡¡shall¡¡I¡¡speak¡¡of¡¡continual¡¡wars¡¡both¡¡on¡¡sea¡¡and¡¡land£»¡¡that¡¡bringeth¡¡all¡¡things¡¡unto¡¡utter¡¡ruin£»¡¡what¡¡of¡¡forts¡¡on¡¡passages£»¡¡what¡¡of¡¡garrisons£»¡¡bulwarks¡¡and¡¡munition£¿¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Neither¡¡doth¡¡this¡¡lake¡¡of¡¡mischiefs¡¡contain¡¡all£»¡¡for¡¡I¡¡must¡¡add¡¡to¡¡these¡¡the¡¡barrenness¡¡of¡¡soils£»¡¡the¡¡scarcity¡¡and¡¡dearths¡¡of¡¡victual£»¡¡the¡¡evil¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡air£»¡¡the¡¡contagious¡¡and¡¡dangerous¡¡diseases£»¡¡the¡¡plagues£»¡¡the¡¡earthquakes£»¡¡the¡¡inundations¡¡both¡¡of¡¡seas¡¡and¡¡rivers£»¡¡and¡¡such¡¡other¡¡accidents¡¡which¡¡destroy¡¡and¡¡overthrow¡¡now¡¡a¡¡city£»¡¡now¡¡a¡¡kingdom£»¡¡now¡¡a¡¡people£»¡¡now¡¡some¡¡other¡¡thing£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡the¡¡let¡¡and¡¡stay¡¡that¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡men¡¡cannot¡¡increase¡¡and¡¡grow¡¡immoderately¡£
¡¡3¡£¡¡Of¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡that¡¡do¡¡concern¡¡the¡¡magnificency¡¡and¡¡greatness¡¡of¡¡a¡¡city
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡now¡¡only¡¡resteth£»¡¡having¡¡brought¡¡our¡¡city¡¡to¡¡that¡¡dignity¡¡and¡¡greatness¡¡which¡¡the¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡site¡¡and¡¡other¡¡circumstances¡¡afford¡¡unto¡¡it£»¡¡that¡¡we¡¡labour¡¡to¡¡conserve£»¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡and¡¡uphold¡¡the¡¡dignity¡¡and¡¡greatness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡£¡¡And¡¡to¡¡speak¡¡all¡¡at¡¡a¡¡word£»¡¡these¡¡helps¡¡may¡¡very¡¡well¡¡serve¡¡to¡¡do¡¡it£º¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡justice£»¡¡peace£»¡¡and¡¡plenty¡£¡¡For¡¡justice¡¡assureth¡¡every¡¡man¡¡his¡¡own¡£¡¡Peace¡¡causeth¡¡tillage£»¡¡trade¡¡and¡¡arts¡¡to¡¡flourish¡£¡¡And¡¡plenty¡¡of¡¡food¡¡and¡¡victual¡¡sustaineth¡¡the¡¡life¡¡of¡¡man¡¡with¡¡ease¡¡and¡¡much¡¡contentment¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¡And¡¡the¡¡people¡¡embrace¡¡nothing¡¡more¡¡gladly¡¡than¡¡plenty¡¡of¡¡corn¡£¡¡To¡¡conclude£»¡¡all¡¡those¡¡things¡¡that¡¡cause¡¡the¡¡greatness¡¡of¡¡a¡¡city¡¡are¡¡also¡¡