the essays of montaigne, v13-第17节

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and　some　one　came　and　told　me　that　the　cook　had　found　two　or　three　great
balls　in　his　paunch；　that　rattled　against　one　another　amongst　what　he　had
eaten。　　I　was　curious　to　have　all　his　entrails　brought　before　me；　where；
having　caused　the　skin　that　enclosed　them　to　be　cut；　there　tumbled　out
three　great　lumps；　as　light　as　sponges；　so　that　they　appeared　to　be
hollow；　but　as　to　the　rest；　hard　and　firm　without；　and　spotted　and　mixed
all　over　with　various　dead　colours；　one　was　perfectly　round；　and　of　the
bigness　of　an　ordinary　ball；　the　other　two　something　less；　of　an
imperfect　roundness；　as　seeming　not　to　be　arrived　at　their；　full　growth。
I　find；　by　inquiry　of　people　accustomed　to　open　these　animals；　that　it　is
a　rare　and　unusual　accident。　　'Tis　likely　these　are　stones　of　the　same
nature　with　ours　and　if　so；　it　must　needs　be　a　very　vain　hope　in
those　who　have　the　stone；　to　extract　their　cure　from　the　blood　of　a　beast
that　was　himself　about　to　die　of　the　same　disease。　　For　to　say　that　the
blood　does　not　participate　of　this　contagion；　and　does　not　thence　alter
its　wonted　virtue；　it　is　rather　to　be　believed　that　nothing　is　engendered
in　a　body　but　by　the　conspiracy　and　communication　of　all　the　parts：　the
whole　mass　works　together；　though　one　part　contributes　more　to　the　work
than　another；　according　to　the　diversity　of　operations；　wherefore　it　is
very　likely　that　there　was　some　petrifying　quality　in　all　the　parts　of
this　goat。　　It　was　not　so　much　for　fear　of　the　future；　and　for　myself；
that　I　was　curious　in　this　experiment；　but　because　it　falls　out　in　mine；
as　it　does　in　many　other　families；　that　the　women　store　up　such　little
trumperies　for　the　service　of　the　people；　using　the　same　recipe　in　fifty
several　diseases；　and　such　a　recipe　as　they　will　not　take　themselves；　and
yet　triumph　when　they　happen　to　be　successful。

As　to　what　remains；　I　honour　physicians；　not　according　to　the　precept
for　their　necessity　（for　to　this　passage　may　be　opposed　another　of　the
prophet　reproving　King　Asa　for　having　recourse　to　a　physician）；　but　for
themselves；　having　known　many　very　good　men　of　that　profession；　and　most
worthy　to　be　beloved。　　I　do　not　attack　them；　'tis　their　art　I　inveigh
against；　and　do　not　much　blame　them　for　making　their　advantage　of　our
folly；　for　most　men　do　the　same。　　Many　callings；　both　of　greater　and　of
less　dignity　than　theirs；　have　no　other　foundation　or　support　than　public
abuse。　　When　I　am　sick　I　send　for　them　if　they　be　near；　only　to　have
their　company；　and　pay　them　as　others　do。　　I　give　them　leave　to　command
me　to　keep　myself　warm；　because　I　naturally　love　to　do　it；　and　to　appoint
leeks　or　lettuce　for　my　broth；　to　order　me　white　wine　or　claret；　and　so
as　to　all　other　things；　which　are　indifferent　to　my　palate　and　custom。
I　know　very　well　that　I　do　nothing　for　them　in　so　doing；　because
sharpness　and　strangeness　are　incidents　of　the　very　essence　of　physic。
Lycurgus　ordered　wine　for　the　sick　Spartans。　　Why？　　because　they
abominated　the　drinking　it　when　they　were　well；　as　a　gentleman；　a
neighbour　of　mine；　takes　it　as　an　excellent　medicine　in　his　fever；
because　naturally　he　mortally　hates　the　taste　of　it。　　How　many　do　we　see
amongst　them　of　my　humour；　who　despise　taking　physic　themselves；　are　men
of　a　liberal　diet；　and　live　a　quite　contrary　sort　of　life　to　what　they
prescribe　others？　　What　is　this　but　flatly　to　abuse　our　simplicity？　　for
their　own　lives　and　health　are　no　less　dear　to　them　than　ours　are　to　us；
and　consequently　they　would　accommodate　their　practice　to　their　rules；　if
they　did　not　themselves　know　how　false　these　are。

'Tis　the　fear　of　death　and　of　pain；　impatience　of　disease；　and　a　violent
and　indiscreet　desire　of　a　present　cure；　that　so　blind　us：　'tis　pure
cowardice　that　makes　our　belief　so　pliable　and　easy　to　be　imposed　upon：
and　yet　most　men　do　not　so　much　believe　as　they　acquiesce　and　permit；　for
I　hear　them　find　fault　and　complain　as　well　as　we；　but　they　resolve　at
last；　〃What　should　I　do　then？〃　　As　if　impatience　were　of　itself　a　better
remedy　than　patience。　　Is　there　any　one　of　those　who　have　suffered
themselves　to　be　persuaded　into　this　miserable　subjection；　who　does　not
equally　surrender　himself　to　all　sorts　of　impostures？　　who　does　not　give
up　himself　to　the　mercy　of　whoever　has　the　impudence　to　promise　him　a
cure？　　The　Babylonians　carried　their　sick　into　the　public　square；　the
physician　was　the　people：　every　one　who　passed　by　being　in　humanity　and
civility　obliged　to　inquire　of　their　condition；　gave　some　advice
according　to　his　own　experience。〃　　We　do　little　better；　there　is　not　so
simple　a　woman；　whose　gossips　and　drenches　we　do　not　make　use　of：　and
according　to　my　humour；　if　I　were　to　take　physic；　I　would　sooner　choose
to　take　theirs　than　any　other；　because　at　least；　if　they　do　no　good；　they
will　do　no　harm。　　What　Homer　and　Plato　said　of　the　Egyptians；　that　they
were　all　physicians；　may　be　said　of　all　nations；　there　is　not　a　man
amongst　any　of　them　who　does　not　boast　of　some　rare　recipe；　and　who　will
not　venture　it　upon　his　neighbour；　if　he　will　let　him。　　I　was　the　other
day　in　a　company　where　one；　I　know　not　who；　of　my　fraternity　brought　us
intelligence　of　a　new　sort　of　pills　made　up　of　a　hundred　and　odd
ingredients：　it　made　us　very　merry；　and　was　a　singular　consolation；　for
what　rock　could　withstand　so　great　a　battery？　　And　yet　I　hear　from　those
who　have　made　trial　of　it；　that　the　least　atom　of　gravel　deigned　not　to
stir　fort。

I　cannot　take　my　hand　from　the　paper　before　I　have　added　a　word
concerning　the　assurance　they　give　us　of　the　certainty　of　their　drugs；
from　the　experiments　they　have　made。

The　greatest　part；　I　should　say　above　two…thirds　of　the　medicinal
virtues；　consist　in　the　quintessence　or　occult　property　of　simples；
of　which　we　can　have　no　other　instruction　than　use　and　custom；　for
quintessence　is　no　other　than　a　quality　of　which　we　cannot　by　our　reason
find　out　the　cause。　　In　such　proofs；　those　they　pretend　to　have　acquired
by　the　inspiration　of　some　daemon；　I　am　content　to　receive　（for　I　meddle
not　with　miracles）；　and　also　the　proofs　which　are　drawn　from　things　that；
upon　some　other　account；　often　fall　into　use　amongst　us；　as　if　in　the
wool；　wherewith　we　are　wont　to　clothe　ourselves；　there　has　accidentally
some　occult　desiccative　property　been　found　out　of　curing　kibed　heels；　or
as　if　in　the　radish　we　eat　for　food　there　has　been　found　out　some
aperitive　operation。　　Galen　reports；　that　a　man　happened　to　be　cured　of　a
leprosy　by　drinking　wine　out　of　a　vessel　into　which　a　viper　had　crept　by
chance。　　In　this　example　we　find　the　means　and　a　very　likely　guide　and
conduct　to　this　experience；　as　we　also　do　in　those　that　physicians
pretend　to　have　been　directed　to　by　the　example　of　some　beasts。　　But　in
most　of　their　other　experiments　wherein　they　affirm　they　have　been
conducted　by　fortune；　and　to　have　had　no　other　guide　than　chance；　I　find
the　progress　of　this　information　incredible。　　Suppose　man　looking　round
about　him　upon　the　infinite　number　of　things；　plants；　animals；　metals；
I　do　not　know　where　he　would　begin　his　trial；　and　though　his　first　fancy
should　fix　him　upon　an　elk's　horn；　wherein　there　must　be　a　very　pliant
and　easy　belief；　he　will　yet　find　himself　as　perplexed　in　his　second
operation。　　There　are　so　many　maladies　and　so　many　circumstances
presented　to　him；　that　before　he　can　attain　the　certainty　of　the　point　to
which　the　perfection　of　his　experience　should　arrive；　human　sense　will　be
at　the　end　of　its　lesson：　and　before　he　can；　amongst　this　infinity　of
things；　find　out　what　this　horn　is；　amongst　so　many　diseases；　what　is
epilepsy；　the　many　complexions　in　a　melancholy　person；　the　many　seasons
in　winter；　the　many　nations　in　the　French；　the　many　ages　in　age；　the　many
celestial　mutations　in　the　conjunction　of　Venus　and　Saturn；　the　many
parts　in　man's　body；　nay；　in　a　finger；　and　being；　in　all　this；　directed
neither　by　argument；　conjecture；　example；　nor　divine　inspirations；　but
merely　by　the　sole　motion　of　fortune；　it　must　be　by　a　perfectly
artificial；　regular　and　methodical　fortune。　　And　after　the　cure　is
performed；　how　can　he　assure　himself　that　it　was　not　because　the　disease
had　arrived　at　its　period　or　an　effect　of　chance？　　or　the　operation　of
something　else　that　he　had　eaten；　drunk；　or　touched　that　day？　or　by
virtue　of　his　grandmother's　prayers？　　And；　moreover；　had　this　experiment
been　perfect；　how　many　times　was　it　repeated；　and　this　long　bead…roll　of
haps；　and　concurrences　strung　anew　by　chance　to　conclude　a　certain　rule？
And　when　the　rule　is　concluded；　by　whom；　I　pray　you？　　Of　so　many
millions；　there　are　but　three　men　who　take　upon　them　to　record　their
experiments：　must　fortune　needs　just　hit　one　of　these？　　What　if　another；
and　a　hundred　others；　have　made　contrary　experiments？　　We　might；
peradventure；　have　some　light　in　this；　were　all　the　judgments　and
arguments　of　men　known　to　us；　but　that　three　witnesses；　three　doctors；
should　lord　it　over　all　mankind；　is　against　reason：　it　were　necessary
that　human　nature　should　have　deputed　and　chosen　them　out；　and　that　they
were　declared　our　comptrollers　by　express　procuration：


〃TO　MADAME　DE　DURAS。

　　　　　＇Marguerite　d