second treatise of government-第15节
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
hat in assemblies； impowered to act by positive laws； where no number is set by that positive law which impowers them； the act of the majority passes for the act of the whole； and of course determines； as having； by the law of nature and reason； the power of the whole。 Sec。 97。 And thus every man； by consenting with others to make one body politic under one government； puts himself under an obligation； to every one of that society； to submit to the determination of the majority； and to be concluded by it； or else this original compact； whereby he with others incorporates into one society； would signify nothing； and be no compact； if he be left free； and under no other ties than he was in before in the state of nature。 For what appearance would there be of any compact？ what new engagement if he were no farther tied by any decrees of the society； than he himself thought fit； and did actually consent to？ This would be still as great a liberty； as he himself had before his compact； or any one else in the state of nature hath； who may submit himself； and consent to any acts
of it if he thinks fit。 Sec。 98。 For if the consent of the majority shall not； in reason； be received as the act of the whole； and conclude every individual； nothing but the consent of every individual can make any thing to be the act of the whole： but such a consent is next to impossible ever to be had； if we consider the infirmities of health； and avocations of business； which in a number； though much less than that of a common…wealth； will necessarily keep many away from the public assembly。 To which if we add the variety of opinions； and contrariety of interests； which unavoidably happen in all collections of men； the coming into society upon such terms would be only like Cato's coming into the theatre； only to go out again。 Such a constitution as this would make the mighty Leviathan of a shorter duration； than the feeblest creatures； and not let it outlast the day it was bom in： which cannot be supposed； till we can think； that rational creatures should desire and constitute societies only to be dissolved： for where the majority cannot conclude the rest； there they cannot act as one body； and consequently will be immediately dissolved again。 Sec。 99。 Whosoever therefore out of a state of nature unite into a community； must be understood to give up all the power； necessary to the ends for which they unite into society； to the majority of the community； unless they expresly agreed in any number greater than the majority。 And this is done by barely agreeing to unite into one political society； which is all the compact that is； or needs be； between the individuals； that enter into； or make up a commonwealth。 And thus that； which begins and actually constitutes any political society； is nothing but the consent of any number of freemen capable of a majority to unite and incorporate into such a society。 And this is that； and that only； which did； or could give beginning to any lawful government in the world。 Sec。 100。 To this I find two objections made。 First； That there are no instances to be found in story； of a company of men independent； and equal one amongst another； that met together； and in this way began and set up a government。 Secondly； It is impossible of right； that men should do so； because all men being born under government； they are to submit to that； and are not at liberty to begin a new one。 Sec。 101。 To the first there is this to answer； That it is not at all to be wondered； that history gives us but a very little account of men； that lived together in the state of nature。 The inconveniences of that condition； and the love and want of society； no sooner brought any number of them together； but they presently united and incorporated； if they designed to continue together。 And if we may not suppose men ever to have been in the state of nature； because we hear not much of them in such a state； we may as well suppose the armies of Salmanasser or Xerxes were never children； because we hear little of them； till they were men； and imbodied in armies。 Government is every where antecedent to records； and letters seldom come in amongst a people till a long continuation of civil society has； by other more necessary arts； provided for their safety； ease； and plenty： and then they begin to look after the history of their founders； and search into their original； when they have outlived the memory of it： for it is with commonwealths as with particular persons； they are commonly ignorant of their own births and infancies： and if they know any thing of their original； they are beholden for it； to the accidental records that others have kept of it。 And those that we have； of the beginning of any polities in the world； excepting that of the Jews； where God himself immediately interposed； and which favours not at all paternal dominion； are all either plain instances of such a beginning as I have mentioned； or at least have manifest footsteps of it。
Sec。 102。 He must shew a strange inclination to deny evident matter of fact； when it agrees not with his hypothesis； who will not allow； that shew a strange inclination to deny evident matter of fact； when it agrees not with his hypothesis； who will not allow； that the beginning of Rome and Venice were by the uniting together of several men free and independent one of another； amongst whom there was no natural superiority or subjection。 And if Josephus Acosta's word may be taken； he tells us； that in many parts of America there was no government at all。 There are great and apparent conjectures； says he； that these men； speaking of those of Peru； for a long time had neither kings nor commonwealths； but lived in troops； as they do this day in Florida； the Cheriquanas； those of Brazil； and many other nations； which have no certain kings； but as occasion is offered； in peace or war； they choose their captains as they please； 1。 i。 c。 25。 If it be said； that every man there was born subject to his father； or the head of his family； that the subjection due from a child to a father took not away his freedom of uniting into what political society he thought fit； has been already proved。 But be that as it will； these men； it is evident； were actually free； and whatever superiority some politicians now would place in any of them； they themselves claimed it not； but by consent were all equal； till by the same consent they set rulers over themselves。 So that their politic societies all began from a voluntary union； and the mutual agreement of men freely acting in the choice of their governors； and forms of government。 Sec。 103。 And I hope those who went away from Sparta with Palantus； mentioned by Justin； 1。 iii。 c。 4。 will be allowed to have been freemen independent one of another； and to have set up a government over themselves； by their own consent。 Thus I have given several examples； out of history； of people free and in the state of nature； that being met together incorporated and began a commonwealth。 And if the want of such instances be an argument to prove that government were not； nor could not be so begun； I suppose the contenders for paternal empire were better let it alone； than urge it against natural liberty： for if they can give so many instances； out of history； of governments begun upon paternal right； I think （though at best an argument from what has been； to what should of right be； has no great force） one might； without any great danger； yield them the cause。 But if I might advise them in the case； they would do well not to search too much into the original of governments； as they have begun de facto； lest they should find； at the foundation of most of them； something very little favourable to the design they promote； and such a power as they contend for。 Sec。 104。 But to conclude； reason being plain on our side； that men are naturally free； and the examples of history shewing； that the governments of the world； that were begun in peace； had their beginning laid on that foundation； and were made by the consent of the people； there can be little room for doubt； either where the right is； or what has been the opinion； or practice of mankind； about the first erecting of governments。 Sec。 105。 I will not deny； that if we look back as far as history will direct us； towards the original of commonwealths； we shall generally find them under the government and administration of one man。 And I am also apt to believe； that where a family was numerous enough to subsist by itself； and continued entire together； without mixing with others； as it often happens； where there is much land； and few people； the government commonly began in the father： for the father having； by the law of nature； the same power with every man else to punish； as he thought fit； any offences against that law； might thereby punish his transgressing children； even when they were men； and out of their pupilage； and they were very likely to submit to his punishment； and all join with him against the offender； in their
