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nothing; as God himself says; 〃Who kill the body; and after that have no
more that they can do;〃 'Luke; xii。  4。' and the poets singularly
dwell upon the horrors of this picture; as something worse than death:

         〃Heu! reliquias semiustas regis; denudatis ossibus;
          Per terram sanie delibutas foede divexarier。〃

     '〃Alas! that the half…burnt remains of the king; exposing his bones;
     should be foully dragged along the ground besmeared with gore。〃
     Cicero; Tusc。 Quaes。; i。 44。'

I happened to come by one day accidentally at Rome; just as they were
upon executing Catena; a notorious robber: he was strangled without any
emotion of the spectators; but when they came to cut him in quarters; the
hangman gave not a blow that the people did not follow with a doleful cry
and exclamation; as if every one had lent his sense of feeling to the
miserable carcase。  Those inhuman excesses ought to be exercised upon the
bark; and not upon the quick。  Artaxerxes; in almost a like case;
moderated the severity of the ancient laws of Persia; ordaining that the
nobility who had committed a fault; instead of being whipped; as they
were used to be; should be stripped only and their clothes whipped for
them; and that whereas they were wont to tear off their hair; they should
only take off their high…crowned tiara。''Plutarch; Notable Sayings of
the Ancient King。' The so devout Egyptians thought they sufficiently
satisfied the divine justice by sacrificing hogs in effigy and
representation; a bold invention to pay God so essential a substance in
picture only and in show。

I live in a time wherein we abound in incredible examples of this vice;
through the licence of our civil wars; and we see nothing in ancient
histories more extreme than what we have proof of every day; but I
cannot; any the more; get used to it。  I could hardly persuade myself;
before I saw it with my eyes; that there could be found souls so cruel
and fell; who; for the sole pleasure of murder; would commit it; would
hack and lop off the limbs of others; sharpen their wits to invent
unusual torments and new kinds of death; without hatred; without profit;
and for no other end but only to enjoy the pleasant spectacle of the
gestures and motions; the lamentable groans and cries of a man dying in
anguish。  For this is the utmost point to which cruelty can arrive:

              〃Ut homo hominem; non iratus; non timens;
               tantum spectaturus; occidat。〃

     '〃That a man should kill a man; not being angry; not in fear; only
     for the sake of the spectacle。〃Seneca; Ep。; 90。'

For my own part; I cannot without grief see so much as an innocent beast
pursued and killed that has no defence; and from which we have received
no offence at all; and that which frequently happens; that the stag we
hunt; finding himself weak and out of breath; and seeing no other remedy;
surrenders himself to us who pursue him; imploring mercy by his tears:

                        〃Questuque cruentus;
                         Atque imploranti similis;〃

          '〃Who; bleeding; by his tears seems to crave mercy。〃
          AEnead; vii。 501。'

has ever been to me a very unpleasing sight; and I hardly ever take a
beast alive that I do not presently turn out again。  Pythagoras bought
them of fishermen and fowlers to do the same:

                    〃Primoque a caede ferarum;
               Incaluisse puto maculatum sanguine ferrum。〃


     '〃I think 'twas slaughter of wild beasts that first stained the
     steel of man with blood。〃Ovid; Met。; xv。 106。'

Those natures that are sanguinary towards beasts discover a natural
proneness to cruelty。  After they had accustomed themselves at Rome to
spectacles of the slaughter of animals; they proceeded to those of the
slaughter of men; of gladiators。  Nature has herself; I fear; imprinted
in man a kind of instinct to inhumanity; nobody takes pleasure in seeing
beasts play with and caress one another; but every one is delighted with
seeing them dismember; and tear one another to pieces。  And that I may
not be laughed at for the sympathy I have with them; theology itself
enjoins us some favour in their behalf; and considering that one and the
same master has lodged us together in this palace for his service; and
that they; as well as we; are of his family; it has reason to enjoin us
some affection and regard to them。  Pythagoras borrowed the
metempsychosis from the Egyptians; but it has since been received by
several nations; and particularly by our Druids:

          〃Morte carent animae; semperque; priore relicts
          Sede; novis domibus vivunt; habitantque receptae。〃

     '〃Souls never die; but; having left their former seat; live
     and are received into new homes。〃Ovid; Met。; xv。 158。'

The religion of our ancient Gauls maintained that souls; being eternal;
never ceased to remove and shift their places from one body to another;
mixing moreover with this fancy some consideration of divine justice; for
according to the deportments of the soul; whilst it had been in
Alexander; they said that God assigned it another body to inhabit; more
or less painful; and proper for its condition:

                              〃Muta ferarum
               Cogit vincla pati; truculentos ingerit ursis;
               Praedonesque lupis; fallaces vulpibus addit:
               Atque ubi per varios annos; per mille figuras

               Egit; Lethaeo purgatos flumine; tandem
               Rursus ad humanae revocat primordia formae:〃

     ' He makes them wear the silent chains of brutes; the bloodthirsty
     souls he encloses in bears; the thieves in wolves; the deceivers in
     foxes; where; after successive years and a thousand forms; man had
     spent his life; and after purgation in Lethe's flood; at last he
     restores them to the primordial human shapes。〃
     Claudian; In Ruf。; ii。 482。'

If it had been valiant; he lodged it in the body of a lion; if
voluptuous; in that of a hog; if timorous; in that of a hart or hare; if
malicious; in that of a fox; and so of the rest; till having purified it
by this chastisement; it again entered into the body of some other man:

               〃Ipse ego nam memini; Trojani; tempore belli
               Panthoides Euphorbus eram。〃

     '〃For I myself remember that; in the days of the Trojan war; I was
     Euphorbus; son of Pantheus。〃Ovid; Met。; xv。 160; and see Diogenes
     Laertius; Life of Pythagoras。'

As to the relationship betwixt us and beasts; I do not much admit of it;
nor of that which several nations; and those among the most ancient and
most noble; have practised; who have not only received brutes into their
society and companionship; but have given them a rank infinitely above
themselves; esteeming them one while familiars and favourites of the
gods; and having them in more than human reverence and respect; others
acknowledged no other god or divinity than they:

          〃Bellux a barbaris propter beneficium consecratae。〃

     '〃Beasts; out of opinion of some benefit received by them; were
     consecrated by barbarians〃Cicero; De Natura Deor。; i。 36。'


                              〃Crocodilon adorat
               Pars haec; illa pavet saturam serpentibus ibin:
               Effigies sacri hic nitet aurea cercopitheci;
                              Hic piscem flumints; illic
               Oppida tota canem venerantur。〃

     '〃This place adores the crocodile; another dreads the ibis; feeder
     on serpents; here shines the golden image of the sacred ape; here
     men venerate the fish of the river; there whole towns worship a
     dog。〃Juvenal; xv。 2。'

And the very interpretation that Plutarch; gives to this error; which is
very well conceived; is advantageous to them: for he says that it was not
the cat or the ox; for example; that the Egyptians adored: but that they;
in those beasts; adored some image of the divine faculties; in this;
patience and utility: in that; vivacity; or; as with our neighbours the
Burgundians and all the Germans; impatience to see themselves shut up; by
which they represented liberty; which they loved and adored above all
other godlike attributes; and so of the rest。  But when; amongst the more
moderate opinions; I meet with arguments that endeavour to demonstrate
the near resemblance betwixt us and animals; how large a share they have
in our greatest privileges; and with how much probability they compare us
together; truly I abate a great deal of our presumption; and willingly
resign that imaginary sovereignty that is attributed to us over other
creatures。

But supposing all this were not true; there is nevertheless a certain
respect; a general duty of humanity; not only to beasts that have life
and sense; but even to trees; and plants。  We owe justice to men; and
graciousness and benignity to other creatures that are capable of it;
there is a certain commerce and mutual obligation betwixt them and us。
Nor shall I be afraid to confess the tenderness of my nature so childish;
that I cannot well refuse to play with my dog; when he the most
unseasonably importunes me to do so。  The Turks ha

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