the essays of montaigne, v2-第2节
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be inflicted on a captive。〃 To which menace the other returning no other
answer; but only a fierce and disdainful look; 〃What;〃 says Alexander;
observing his haughty and obstinate silence; 〃is he too stiff to bend a
knee! Is he too proud to utter one suppliant word! Truly; I will
conquer this silence; and if I cannot force a word from his mouth; I
will; at least; extract a groan from his heart。〃 And thereupon
converting his anger into fury; presently commanded his heels to be bored
through; causing him; alive; to be dragged; mangled; and dismembered at a
cart's tail。'Quintus Curtius; iv。 6。 This act of cruelty has been
doubted; notwithstanding the statement of Curtius。' Was it that the
height of courage was so natural and familiar to this conqueror; that
because he could not admire; he respected it the less? Or was it that he
conceived valour to be a virtue so peculiar to himself; that his pride
could not; without envy; endure it in another? Or was it that the
natural impetuosity of his fury was incapable of opposition? Certainly;
had it been capable of moderation; it is to be believed that in the sack
and desolation of Thebes; to see so many valiant men; lost and totally
destitute of any further defence; cruelly massacred before his eyes;
would have appeased it: where there were above six thousand put to the
sword; of whom not one was seen to fly; or heard to cry out for quarter;
but; on the contrary; every one running here and there to seek out and to
provoke the victorious enemy to help them to an honourable end。 Not one
was seen who; however weakened with wounds; did not in his last gasp yet
endeavour to revenge himself; and with all the arms of a brave despair;
to sweeten his own death in the death of an enemy。 Yet did their valour
create no pity; and the length of one day was not enough to satiate the
thirst of the conqueror's revenge; but the slaughter continued to the
last drop of blood that was capable of being shed; and stopped not till
it met with none but unarmed persons; old men; women; and children; of
them to carry away to the number of thirty thousand slaves。
CHAPTER II
OF SORROW
No man living is more free from this passion than I; who yet neither like
it in myself nor admire it in others; and yet generally the world; as a
settled thing; is pleased to grace it with a particular esteem; clothing
therewith wisdom; virtue; and conscience。 Foolish and sordid guise!
'〃No man is more free from this passion than I; for I neither love nor
regard it: albeit the world hath undertaken; as it were upon covenant; to
grace it with a particular favour。 Therewith they adorne age; vertue;
and conscience。 Oh foolish and base ornament!〃 Florio; 1613; p。 3'
The Italians have more fitly baptized by this name 'La tristezza'
malignity; for 'tis a quality always hurtful; always idle and vain; and
as being cowardly; mean; and base; it is by the Stoics expressly and
particularly forbidden to their sages。
But the story 'Herodotus; iii。 14。' says that Psammenitus; King of
Egypt; being defeated and taken prisoner by Cambyses; King of Persia;
seeing his own daughter pass by him as prisoner; and in a wretched habit;
with a bucket to draw water; though his friends about him were so
concerned as to break out into tears and lamentations; yet he himself
remained unmoved; without uttering a word; his eyes fixed upon the
ground; and seeing; moreover; his son immediately after led to execution;
still maintained the same countenance; till spying at last one of his
domestic and familiar friends dragged away amongst the captives; he fell
to tearing his hair and beating his breast; with all the other
extravagances of extreme sorrow。
A story that may very fitly be coupled with another of the same kind; of
recent date; of a prince of our own nation; who being at Trent; and
having news there brought him of the death of his elder brother; a
brother on whom depended the whole support and honour of his house; and
soon after of that of a younger brother; the second hope of his family;
and having withstood these two assaults with an exemplary resolution; one
of his servants happening a few days after to die; he suffered his
constancy to be overcome by this last accident; and; parting with his
courage; so abandoned himself to sorrow and mourning; that some thence
were forward to conclude that he was only touched to the quick by this
last stroke of fortune; but; in truth; it was; that being before brimful
of grief; the least addition overflowed the bounds of all patience。
Which; I think; might also be said of the former example; did not the
story proceed to tell us that Cambyses asking Psammenitus; 〃Why; not
being moved at the calamity of his son and daughter; he should with so
great impatience bear the misfortune of his friend?〃 〃It is;〃 answered
he; 〃because only this last affliction was to be manifested by tears; the
two first far exceeding all manner of expression。〃
And; peradventure; something like this might be working in the fancy of
the ancient painter;'Cicero; De Orator。; c。 22 ; Pliny; xxxv。 10。'
who having; in the sacrifice of Iphigenia; to represent the sorrow of the
assistants proportionably to the several degrees of interest every one
had in the death of this fair innocent virgin; and having; in the other
figures; laid out the utmost power of his art; when he came to that of
her father; he drew him with a veil over his face; meaning thereby that
no kind of countenance was capable of expressing such a degree of sorrow。
Which is also the reason why the poets feign the miserable mother; Niobe;
having first lost seven sons; and then afterwards as many daughters
(overwhelmed with her losses); to have been at last transformed into a
rock
〃Diriguisse malis;〃
'〃Petrified with her misfortunes。〃Ovid; Met。; vi。 304。'
thereby to express that melancholic; dumb; and deaf stupefaction; which
benumbs all our faculties; when oppressed with accidents greater than we
are able to bear。 And; indeed; the violence and impression of an
excessive grief must of necessity astonish the soul; and wholly deprive
her of her ordinary functions: as it happens to every one of us; who;
upon any sudden alarm of very ill news; find ourselves surprised;
stupefied; and in a manner deprived of all power of motion; so that the
soul; beginning to vent itself in tears and lamentations; seems to free
and disengage itself from the sudden oppression; and to have obtained
some room to work itself out at greater liberty。
〃Et via vix tandem voci laxata dolore est。〃
'〃And at length and with difficulty is a passage opened by grief for
utterance。〃AEneid; xi。 151。'
In the war that Ferdinand made upon the widow of King John of Hungary;
about Buda; a man…at…arms was particularly taken notice of by every one
for his singular gallant behaviour in a certain encounter; and; unknown;
highly commended; and lamented; being left dead upon the place: but by
none so much as by Raisciac; a German lord; who was infinitely enamoured
of so rare a valour。 The body being brought off; and the count; with the
common curiosity coming to view it; the armour was no sooner taken off
but he immediately knew him to be his own son; a thing that added a
second blow to the compassion of all the beholders; only he; without
uttering a word; or turning away his eyes from the woeful object; stood
fixedly contemplating the body of his son; till the vehemency of sorrow
having overcome his vital spirits; made him sink down stone…dead to the
ground。
〃Chi puo dir com' egli arde; a in picciol fuoco;〃
'〃He who can say how he burns with love; has little fire〃
Petrarca; Sonetto 137。'
say the Innamoratos; when they would represent an 'insupportable passion。
〃Misero quod omneis
Eripit sensus mihi: nam simul te;
Lesbia; aspexi; nihil est super mi;
Quod loquar amens。
Lingua sed torpet: tenuis sub artus
Flamma dimanat; sonitu suopte
Tintinant aures; gemina teguntur
Lumina nocte。〃
'〃Love deprives me of all my faculties: Lesbia; when once in thy
presence; I have not left the power to tell my distracting passion:
my tongue becomes torpid; a subtle flame creeps through my veins; my
ears tingle in deafness; my eyes are veiled with darkness。〃
Catullus; Epig。 li。 5'
Neither is it in the height and greatest fury of the fit that we are in a
condition to pour out our complaints or our amorous persuasions; the soul
being at that time over…burdened; and labouring with profound thoughts;
and the body dejected and languishing with desire; and thence it is that
sometimes proceed those accidental impotencies that so unseasonably
surprise the lover; and that frigidity which by the force of an
immoderate ardour seizes him even in the very lap of fruition。
'The edition of 1588 has here; 〃An accident not unknown to myself。〃'
For all passions that suffer themselves to be relished and digested are
but moderate:
〃Curae leves loquuntur; i