the americanization of edward bok-µÚ71½Ú
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ings¡¡forth¡¡an¡¡idea£»¡¡but¡¡some¡¡dreamer¡¡has¡¡dreamed¡¡it¡¡before¡¡him¡¡either¡¡in¡¡whole¡¡or¡¡in¡¡part¡£
Where¡¡would¡¡the¡¡human¡¡race¡¡be¡¡were¡¡it¡¡not¡¡for¡¡the¡¡ideals¡¡of¡¡men£¿¡¡It¡¡is¡¡idealists£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡large¡¡sense£»¡¡that¡¡this¡¡old¡¡world¡¡needs¡¡to¡day¡£¡¡Its¡¡soil¡¡is¡¡sadly¡¡in¡¡need¡¡of¡¡new¡¡seed¡£¡¡Washington£»¡¡in¡¡his¡¡day£»¡¡was¡¡decried¡¡as¡¡an¡¡idealist¡£¡¡So¡¡was¡¡Jefferson¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡commonly¡¡remarked¡¡of¡¡Lincoln¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡a¡¡¡¨rank¡¡idealist¡£¡¨¡¡Morse£»¡¡Watt£»¡¡Marconi£»¡¡Edisonall¡¡were£»¡¡at¡¡first£»¡¡adjudged¡¡idealists¡£¡¡We¡¡say¡¡of¡¡the¡¡League¡¡of¡¡Nations¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡ideal£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡use¡¡the¡¡term¡¡in¡¡a¡¡derogatory¡¡sense¡£¡¡But¡¡that¡¡was¡¡exactly¡¡what¡¡was¡¡said¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡£¡¡¡¨Insanely¡¡ideal¡¨¡¡was¡¡the¡¡term¡¡used¡¡of¡¡it¡£
The¡¡idealist£»¡¡particularly¡¡to¡day¡¡when¡¡there¡¡is¡¡so¡¡great¡¡need¡¡of¡¡him£»¡¡is¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡scoffed¡¡at¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡through¡¡him¡¡and¡¡only¡¡through¡¡him¡¡that¡¡the¡¡world¡¡will¡¡see¡¡a¡¡new¡¡and¡¡clear¡¡vision¡¡of¡¡what¡¡is¡¡right¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡he¡¡who¡¡has¡¡the¡¡power¡¡of¡¡going¡¡out¡¡of¡¡himselfthat¡¡self¡¡in¡¡which¡¡too¡¡many¡¡are¡¡nowadays¡¡so¡¡deeply¡¡imbedded£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡he¡¡who£»¡¡in¡¡seeking¡¡the¡¡ideal£»¡¡will£»¡¡through¡¡his¡¡own¡¡clearer¡¡perception¡¡or¡¡that¡¡of¡¡others£»¡¡transform¡¡the¡¡ideal¡¡into¡¡the¡¡real¡£¡¡¡¨Where¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡vision£»¡¡the¡¡people¡¡perish¡£¡¨
It¡¡was¡¡his¡¡remark¡¡that¡¡he¡¡retired¡¡because¡¡he¡¡wanted¡¡¡¨to¡¡play¡¨¡¡that¡¡Edward¡¡Bok's¡¡friends¡¡most¡¡completely¡¡misunderstood¡£¡¡¡¨Play¡¨¡¡in¡¡their¡¡minds¡¡meant¡¡tennis£»¡¡golf£»¡¡horseback£»¡¡polo£»¡¡travel£»¡¡etc¡££¨curious¡¡that¡¡scarcely¡¡one¡¡mentioned¡¡reading£¡£©¡£¡¡It¡¡so¡¡happens¡¡that¡¡no¡¡one¡¡enjoys¡¡some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡play¡forms¡¡more¡¡than¡¡Bok£»¡¡but¡¡¡¨God¡¡forbid£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡said£»¡¡¡¨that¡¡I¡¡should¡¡spend¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡my¡¡days¡¡in¡¡a¡¡bunker¡¡or¡¡in¡¡the¡¡saddle¡£¡¡In¡¡moderation£»¡¨¡¡he¡¡added£»¡¡¡¨yes£»¡¡most¡¡decidedly¡£¡¨¡¡But¡¡the¡¡phrase¡¡of¡¡¡¨play¡¨¡¡meant¡¡more¡¡to¡¡him¡¡than¡¡all¡¡this¡£¡¡Play¡¡is¡¡diversion£º¡¡exertion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mind¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡of¡¡the¡¡body¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡such¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡as¡¡mental¡¡play¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡physical¡¡play¡£¡¡We¡¡ask¡¡of¡¡play¡¡that¡¡it¡¡shall¡¡rest£»¡¡refresh£»¡¡exhilarate¡£¡¡Is¡¡there¡¡any¡¡form¡¡of¡¡mental¡¡activity¡¡that¡¡secures¡¡all¡¡these¡¡ends¡¡so¡¡thoroughly¡¡and¡¡so¡¡directly¡¡as¡¡doing¡¡something¡¡that¡¡a¡¡man¡¡really¡¡likes¡¡to¡¡do£»¡¡doing¡¡it¡¡with¡¡all¡¡his¡¡heart£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡time¡¡conscious¡¡that¡¡he¡¡is¡¡helping¡¡to¡¡make¡¡the¡¡world¡¡better¡¡for¡¡some¡¡one¡¡else£¿
A¡¡man's¡¡¡¨play¡¨¡¡can¡¡take¡¡many¡¡forms¡£¡¡If¡¡his¡¡life¡¡has¡¡been¡¡barren¡¡of¡¡books¡¡or¡¡travel£»¡¡let¡¡him¡¡read¡¡or¡¡see¡¡the¡¡world¡£¡¡But¡¡he¡¡reaches¡¡his¡¡high¡¡estate¡¡by¡¡either¡¡of¡¡these¡¡roads¡¡only¡¡when¡¡he¡¡reads¡¡or¡¡travels¡¡to¡¡enrich¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡give¡¡out¡¡what¡¡he¡¡gets¡¡to¡¡enrich¡¡the¡¡lives¡¡of¡¡others¡£¡¡He¡¡owes¡¡it¡¡to¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡get¡¡his¡¡own¡¡refreshment£»¡¡his¡¡own¡¡pleasure£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡need¡¡not¡¡make¡¡that¡¡pure¡¡self¡indulgence¡£
Other¡¡men£»¡¡more¡¡active¡¡in¡¡body¡¡and¡¡mind£»¡¡feel¡¡drawn¡¡to¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡arena¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡questions¡¡that¡¡puzzle¡£¡¡It¡¡matters¡¡not¡¡in¡¡which¡¡direction¡¡a¡¡man¡¡goes¡¡in¡¡these¡¡matters¡¡any¡¡more¡¡than¡¡the¡¡length¡¡of¡¡a¡¡step¡¡matters¡¡so¡¡much¡¡as¡¡does¡¡the¡¡direction¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡step¡¡is¡¡taken¡£¡¡He¡¡should¡¡seek¡¡those¡¡questions¡¡which¡¡engross¡¡his¡¡deepest¡¡interest£»¡¡whether¡¡literary£»¡¡musical£»¡¡artistic£»¡¡civic£»¡¡economic£»¡¡or¡¡what¡¡not¡£
Our¡¡cities£»¡¡towns£»¡¡communities¡¡of¡¡all¡¡sizes¡¡and¡¡kinds£»¡¡urban¡¡and¡¡rural£»¡¡cry¡¡out¡¡for¡¡men¡¡to¡¡solve¡¡their¡¡problems¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡room¡¡and¡¡to¡¡spare¡¡for¡¡the¡¡man¡¡of¡¡any¡¡bent¡£¡¡The¡¡old¡¡Romans¡¡looked¡¡forward£»¡¡on¡¡coming¡¡to¡¡the¡¡age¡¡or¡¡retirement£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡definitely¡¡fixed¡¡by¡¡rule£»¡¡to¡¡a¡¡rural¡¡life£»¡¡when¡¡they¡¡hied¡¡themselves¡¡to¡¡a¡¡little¡¡home¡¡in¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡had¡¡open¡¡house¡¡for¡¡their¡¡friends£»¡¡and¡¡¡¨kept¡¡bees¡£¡¨¡¡While¡¡bee¡keeping¡¡is¡¡unquestionably¡¡interesting£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡to¡day¡¡other¡¡and¡¡more¡¡vital¡¡occupations¡¡awaiting¡¡the¡¡retired¡¡American¡£
The¡¡main¡¡thing¡¡is¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡that¡¡freedom¡¡of¡¡movement¡¡that¡¡lets¡¡a¡¡man¡¡go¡¡where¡¡he¡¡will¡¡and¡¡do¡¡what¡¡he¡¡thinks¡¡he¡¡can¡¡do¡¡best£»¡¡and¡¡prove¡¡to¡¡himself¡¡and¡¡to¡¡others¡¡that¡¡the¡¡acquirement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dollar¡¡is¡¡not¡¡all¡¡there¡¡is¡¡to¡¡life¡£¡¡No¡¡man¡¡can¡¡realize£»¡¡until¡¡on¡¡awakening¡¡some¡¡morning¡¡he¡¡feels¡¡the¡¡exhilaration£»¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡that¡¡comes¡¡from¡¡knowing¡¡he¡¡can¡¡choose¡¡his¡¡own¡¡doings¡¡and¡¡control¡¡his¡¡own¡¡goings¡£¡¡Time¡¡is¡¡of¡¡more¡¡value¡¡than¡¡money£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡that¡¡which¡¡the¡¡man¡¡who¡¡retires¡¡feels¡¡that¡¡he¡¡possesses¡£¡¡Hamilton¡¡Mabie¡¡once¡¡said£»¡¡after¡¡his¡¡retirement¡¡from¡¡an¡¡active¡¡editorial¡¡position£º¡¡¡¨I¡¡am¡¡so¡¡happy¡¡that¡¡the¡¡time¡¡has¡¡come¡¡when¡¡I¡¡elect¡¡what¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡do£»¡¨¡¡which¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡but¡¡then¡¡he¡¡added£º¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡rubbed¡¡out¡¡the¡¡word¡¡'must'¡¡from¡¡my¡¡vocabulary£»¡¨¡¡which¡¡was¡¡not¡¡true¡£¡¡No¡¡man¡¡ever¡¡reaches¡¡that¡¡point¡£¡¡Duty¡¡of¡¡some¡¡sort¡¡confronts¡¡a¡¡man¡¡in¡¡business¡¡or¡¡out¡¡of¡¡business£»¡¡and¡¡duty¡¡spells¡¡¡¨must¡£¡¨¡¡But¡¡there¡¡is¡¡less¡¡¡¨must¡¨¡¡in¡¡the¡¡vocabulary¡¡of¡¡the¡¡retired¡¡man£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡this¡¡lessened¡¡quantity¡¡that¡¡gives¡¡the¡¡tang¡¡of¡¡joy¡¡to¡¡the¡¡new¡¡day¡£
It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡wonderful¡¡inner¡¡personal¡¡satisfaction¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡point¡¡when¡¡a¡¡man¡¡can¡¡say£º¡¡¡¨I¡¡have¡¡enough¡£¡¨¡¡His¡¡soul¡¡and¡¡character¡¡are¡¡refreshed¡¡by¡¡it£º¡¡he¡¡is¡¡made¡¡over¡¡by¡¡it¡£¡¡He¡¡begins¡¡a¡¡new¡¡life£¡¡¡he¡¡gets¡¡a¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡joy£»¡¡he¡¡feels£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time£»¡¡what¡¡a¡¡priceless¡¡possession¡¡is¡¡that¡¡thing¡¡that¡¡he¡¡never¡¡knew¡¡before£»¡¡freedom¡£¡¡And¡¡if¡¡he¡¡seeks¡¡that¡¡freedom¡¡at¡¡the¡¡right¡¡time£»¡¡when¡¡he¡¡is¡¡at¡¡the¡¡summit¡¡of¡¡his¡¡years¡¡and¡¡powers¡¡and¡¡at¡¡the¡¡most¡¡opportune¡¡moment¡¡in¡¡his¡¡affairs£»¡¡he¡¡has¡¡that¡¡supreme¡¡satisfaction¡¡denied¡¡to¡¡so¡¡many¡¡men£»¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡of¡¡which¡¡comes¡¡home¡¡with¡¡such¡¡cruel¡¡force¡¡to¡¡them£º¡¡that¡¡they¡¡have¡¡overstayed¡¡their¡¡time£º¡¡they¡¡have¡¡worn¡¡out¡¡their¡¡welcome¡£
There¡¡is¡¡no¡¡satisfaction¡¡that¡¡so¡¡thoroughly¡¡satisfies¡¡as¡¡that¡¡of¡¡going¡¡while¡¡the¡¡going¡¡is¡¡good¡£
Still
The¡¡friends¡¡of¡¡Edward¡¡Bok¡¡may¡¡be¡¡right¡¡when¡¡they¡¡said¡¡he¡¡made¡¡a¡¡mistake¡¡in¡¡his¡¡retirement¡£
However
As¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Dooley¡¡says£º¡¡¡¨It's¡¡a¡¡good¡¡thing£»¡¡sometimes£»¡¡to¡¡have¡¡people¡¡size¡¡ye¡¡up¡¡wrong£»¡¡Hinnessey£º¡¡it's¡¡whin¡¡they've¡¡got¡¡ye'er¡¡measure¡¡ye're¡¡in¡¡danger¡£¡¨
Edward¡¡Bok's¡¡friends¡¡have¡¡failed¡¡to¡¡get¡¡his¡¡measureyet£¡
They¡¡still¡¡have¡¡to¡¡learn¡¡what¡¡he¡¡has¡¡learned¡¡and¡¡is¡¡learning¡¡every¡¡day£º¡¡¡¨the¡¡joy£»¡¨¡¡as¡¡Charles¡¡Lamb¡¡so¡¡aptly¡¡put¡¡it¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡retirement£»¡¡¡¨of¡¡walking¡¡about¡¡and¡¡around¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡to¡¡and¡¡fro¡£¡¨
The¡¡question¡¡now¡¡naturally¡¡arises£»¡¡having¡¡read¡¡this¡¡record¡¡thus¡¡far£º¡¡To¡¡what¡¡extent£»¡¡with¡¡his¡¡unusual¡¡opportunities¡¡of¡¡fifty¡¡years£»¡¡has¡¡the¡¡Americanization¡¡of¡¡Edward¡¡Bok¡¡gone£¿¡¡How¡¡far¡¡is¡¡he£»¡¡to¡day£»¡¡an¡¡American£¿¡¡These¡¡questions£»¡¡so¡¡direct¡¡and¡¡personal¡¡in¡¡their¡¡nature£»¡¡are¡¡perhaps¡¡best¡¡answered¡¡in¡¡a¡¡way¡¡more¡¡direct¡¡and¡¡personal¡¡than¡¡the¡¡method¡¡thus¡¡far¡¡adopted¡¡in¡¡this¡¡chronicle¡£¡¡We¡¡will£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡let¡¡Edward¡¡Bok¡¡answer¡¡these¡¡questions¡¡for¡¡himself£»¡¡in¡¡closing¡¡this¡¡record¡¡of¡¡his¡¡Americanization¡£
XXXVIII¡£¡¡Where¡¡America¡¡Fell¡¡Short¡¡with¡¡Me
When¡¡I¡¡came¡¡to¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡as¡¡a¡¡lad¡¡of¡¡six£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡needful¡¡lesson¡¡for¡¡me£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡boy£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡necessity¡¡for¡¡thrift¡£¡¡I¡¡had¡¡been¡¡taught¡¡in¡¡my¡¡home¡¡across¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡that¡¡thrift¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fundamentals¡¡in¡¡a¡¡successful¡¡life¡£¡¡My¡¡family¡¡had¡¡come¡¡from¡¡a¡¡land¡¡£¨the¡¡Netherlands£©¡¡noted¡¡for¡¡its¡¡thrift£»¡¡but¡¡we¡¡had¡¡been¡¡in¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡only¡¡a¡¡few¡¡days¡¡before¡¡the¡¡realization¡¡came¡¡home¡¡strongly¡¡to¡¡my¡¡father¡¡and¡¡mother¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡brought¡¡their¡¡children¡¡to¡¡a¡¡land¡¡of¡¡waste¡£
Where¡¡the¡¡Dutchman¡¡saved£»¡¡the¡¡American¡¡wasted¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡waste£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡most¡¡prodigal¡¡waste£»¡¡on¡¡every¡¡hand¡£¡¡In¡¡every¡¡street¡car¡¡and¡¡on¡¡every¡¡ferry¡boat¡¡the¡¡floors¡¡and¡¡seats¡¡were¡¡littered¡¡with¡¡newspapers¡¡that¡¡had¡¡been¡¡read¡¡and¡¡thrown¡¡away¡¡or¡¡left¡¡behind¡£¡¡If¡¡I¡¡went¡¡to¡¡a¡¡grocery¡¡store¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡a¡¡peck¡¡of¡¡potatoes£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡potato¡¡rolled¡¡off¡¡the¡¡heaping¡¡measure£»¡¡the¡¡groceryman£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡picking¡¡it¡¡up£»¡¡kicked¡¡it¡¡into¡¡the¡¡gutter¡¡for¡¡the¡¡wheels¡¡of¡¡his¡¡wagon¡¡to¡¡run¡¡over¡£¡¡The¡¡butcher's¡¡waste¡¡filled¡¡my¡¡mother's¡¡soul¡¡with¡¡dismay¡£¡¡If¡¡I¡¡bought¡¡a¡¡scuttle¡¡of¡¡coal¡¡at¡¡the¡¡corner¡¡grocery£»¡¡the¡¡coal¡¡that¡¡missed¡¡the¡¡scuttle£»¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡being¡¡shovelled¡¡up¡¡and¡¡put¡¡back¡¡into¡¡the¡¡bin£»¡¡was¡¡swept¡¡into¡¡the¡¡street¡£¡¡My¡¡young¡¡eyes¡¡quickly¡¡saw¡¡this£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡evening¡¡I¡¡gathered¡¡up¡¡the¡¡coal¡¡thus¡¡swept¡¡away£»¡¡and¡¡during¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡a¡¡week¡¡I¡¡collected¡¡a¡¡scuttleful¡£¡¡The¡¡first¡¡time¡¡my¡¡mother¡¡saw¡¡the¡¡garbage¡¡pail¡¡of¡¡a¡¡family¡¡almost¡¡as¡¡poor¡¡as¡¡our¡¡own£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡wife¡¡and¡¡husband¡¡constantly¡¡complaining¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡get¡¡along£»¡¡she¡¡could¡¡scarcely¡¡believe¡¡her¡¡eyes¡£¡¡A¡¡half¡¡pan¡¡of¡¡hominy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡preceding¡¡day's¡¡breakfast¡¡lay¡¡in¡¡the¡¡pail¡¡next¡¡to¡¡a¡¡third¡¡of¡¡a¡¡loaf¡¡of¡¡bread¡£¡¡In¡¡later¡¡years£»¡¡when¡¡I¡¡saw£»¡¡daily£»¡¡a¡¡scow¡¡loaded¡¡with¡¡the¡¡garbage¡¡of¡¡Brooklyn¡¡householders¡¡being¡¡towed¡¡through¡¡New¡¡York¡¡harbor¡¡out¡¡to¡¡sea£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡an¡¡easy¡¡calculation¡¡that¡¡what¡¡was¡¡thrown¡¡away¡¡in¡¡a¡¡week's¡¡time¡¡from¡¡Brooklyn¡¡homes¡¡would¡¡feed¡¡the¡¡poor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Netherlands¡£
At¡¡school£»¡¡I¡¡quickly¡¡learned¡¡that¡¡to¡¡¡¨save¡¡money¡¨¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¨stingy¡¨£»¡¡as¡¡a¡¡young¡¡man£»¡¡I¡¡soon¡¡found¡¡that¡¡the¡¡American¡¡disliked¡¡the¡¡word¡¡¡¨economy£»¡¨¡¡and¡¡on¡¡every¡¡hand¡¡as¡¡plenty¡¡grew¡¡spending¡¡grew¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡literally¡¡nothing¡¡in¡¡American¡¡life¡¡to¡¡teach¡¡me¡¡thrift¡¡or¡¡economy£»¡¡everything¡¡to¡¡teach¡¡me¡¡to¡¡spend¡¡and¡¡to¡¡waste¡£
I¡¡saw¡¡men¡¡who¡¡had¡¡earned¡¡good¡¡salaries¡¡in¡¡their¡¡prime£»¡¡reach¡¡the¡¡years¡¡of¡¡incapacity¡¡as¡¡dependents¡£¡¡I¡¡saw¡¡families¡¡on¡¡every¡¡hand¡¡either¡¡living¡¡quite¡¡up¡¡to¡¡their¡¡means¡¡or¡¡beyond¡¡them£»¡¡rarely¡¡within¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡more¡¡a¡¡man¡¡earned£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡heor¡¡his¡¡wifespent¡£¡¡I¡¡saw¡¡fathers¡¡and¡¡mothers¡¡and¡¡their¡¡children¡¡dressed¡¡beyond¡¡their¡¡incomes¡£¡¡The¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡families¡¡who¡¡ran¡¡into¡¡debt¡¡was¡¡far¡¡greater¡¡than¡¡those¡¡who¡¡saved¡£¡¡When¡¡a¡¡panic¡¡came£»¡¡the¡¡families¡¡¡¨pulled¡¡in¡¨£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡panic¡¡was¡¡over£»¡¡they¡¡¡¨let¡¡out¡£¡¨¡¡But¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡one¡¡year¡¡found¡¡them¡¡precisely¡¡where¡¡they¡¡were¡¡at¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡previous¡¡year£»¡¡unless¡¡they¡¡were¡¡deeper¡¡in¡¡debt¡£
It¡¡was¡¡in¡¡this¡¡atmosphere¡¡of¡¡prodigal¡¡expenditure¡¡and¡¡culpable¡¡waste¡¡that¡¡I¡¡was¡¡to¡¡practise¡¡thrift£º¡¡a¡¡fundamental¡¡in¡¡life£¡¡¡And