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his　voice　in　solemn　worship；　knew　that　the　heavens　were　opened　

and　that　they　had　come　near　to　God。　Then　all　at　once　the　onbeia



the　elephant's…tusk　trumpetwould　give　out　its　enormous　sound。　

The　nahasthe　brazen　wardrums　would　summon；　with　their　weird　

rolling；　the　whole　host　to　arms。　The　green　flag　and　the　red　flag　

and　the　black　flag　would　rise　over　the　multitude。　The　great　army　

would　move　forward；　coloured；　glistening；　dark；　violent；　proud；　

beautiful。　The　drunkenness；　the　madness　of　religion　would　blaze　

on　every　face；　and　the　Mahdi；　immovable　on　his　charger；　would　let



the　scene　grow　under　his　eyes　in　silence。



El　Obeid　fell　in　January；　1883。　Meanwhile；　events　of　the　deepest　

importance　had　occurred　in　Egypt。　The　rise　of　Arabi　had　

synchronised　with　that　of　the　Mahdi。　Both　movements　were　

nationalist；　both　were　directed　against　alien　rulers　who　had　

shown　themselves　unfit　to　rule。　While　the　Sudanese　were　shaking　

off　the　yoke　of　Egypt；　the　Egyptians　themselves　grew　impatient　of



their　own　masters　the　Turkish　and　Circassian　Pashas　who　filled　

with　their　incompetence　all　the　high　offices　of　state。　The　army　

led　by　Ahmed　Arabi；　a　Colonel　of　fellah　origin；　mutinied；　the　

Khedive　gave　way；　and　it　seemed　as　if　a　new　order　were　about　to　

be　established。　A　new　order　was　indeed　upon　the　point　of　

appearing：　but　it　was　of　a　kind　undreamt　of　in　Arabi's　

philosophy。　At　the　critical　moment；　the　English　Government　

intervened。　An　English　fleet　bombarded　Alexandria；　an　English　

army　landed　under　Lord　Wolseley；　and　defeated　Arabi　and　his　

supporters　at　Tel…el…kebir。　The　rule　of　the　Pashas　was　nominally　

restored；　but　henceforth；　in　effect；　the　English　were　masters　of　

Egypt。　　



Nevertheless；　the　English　themselves　were　slow　to　recognise　this　

fact：　their　Government　had　intervened　unwillingly；　the　occupation



of　the　country　was　a　merely　temporary　measure；　their　army　was　to　

be　withdrawn　as　soon　as　a　tolerable　administration　had　been　set　

up。　But　a　tolerable　administration；　presided　over　by　the　Pashas；　

seemed　long　in　coming；　and　the　English　army　remained。　In　the　

meantime；　the　Mahdi　had　entered　El　Obeid；　and　his　dominion　was　

rapidly　spreading　over　the　greater　part　of　the　Sudan。



Then　a　terrible　catastrophe　took　place。　The　Pashas；　happy　once　

more　in　Cairo；　pulling　the　old　strings　and　growing　fat　over　the　

old　flesh…pots；　decided　to　give　the　world　an　unmistakable　proof　

of　their　renewed　vigour。　They　would　tolerate　the　insurrection　in　

the　Sudan　no　longer；　they　would　destroy　the　Mahdi；　reduce　his　

followers　to　submission；　and　re…establish　their　own　beneficent　

rule　over　the　whole　country。　To　this　end　they　collected　together　

an　army　of　10；000　men；　and　placed　it　under　the　command　of　Colonel



Hicks；　a　retired　English　officer。　He　was　ordered　to　advance　and　

suppress　the　rebellion。　In　these　proceedings　the　English　

Government　refused　to　take　any　part。　Unable；　or　unwilling；　to　

realise　that；　so　long　as　there　was　an　English　army　in　Egypt　they　

could　not　avoid　the　responsibilities　of　supreme　power；　they　

declared　that　the　domestic　policy　of　the　Egyptian　administration　

was　no　concern　of　theirs。　It　was　a　fatal　erroran　error　which　

they　themselves；　before　many　weeks　were　over；　were　to　be　forced　

by　the　hard　logic　of　events　to　admit。　The　Pashas；　left　to　their　

own　devices；　mismanaged　the　Hicks　expedition　to　their　hearts'　

content。　The　miserable　troops；　swept　together　from　the　relics　of　

Arabi's　disbanded　army；　were　dispatched　to　Khartoum　in　chains。　



After　a　month's　drilling；　they　were　pronounced　to　be　fit　to

attack　

the　fanatics　of　the　Sudan。　Colonel　Hicks　was　a　brave　man；　urged　

on　by　the　authorities　in　Cairo；　he　shut　his　eyes　to　the　danger　

ahead　of　him；　and　marched　out　from　Khartoum　in　the　direction　of　

El　Obeid　at　the　beginning　of　September；　1883。　Abandoning　his　

communications；　he　was　soon　deep　in　the　desolate　wastes　of　

Kordofan。　As　he　advanced；　his　difficulties　increased；　the　guides　

were　treacherous；　the　troops　grew　exhausted；　the　supply　of　water　

gave　out。　He　pressed　on；　and　at　last；　on　November　5th；　not　far　

from　El　Obeid；　the　harassed；　fainting；　almost　desperate　army　

plunged　into　a　vast　forest　of　gumtrees　and　mimosa　scrub。　There　

was　a　sudden；　appalling　yell；　the　Mahdi；　with　40；000　of　his　

finest　men；　sprang　from　their　ambush。　The　Egyptians　were　

surrounded；　and　immediately　overpowered。　It　was　not　a　defeat；　

but　an　annihilation。　Hicks　and　his　European　staff　were　

slaughtered；　the　whole　army　was　slaughtered；　300　wounded　wretches



crept　away　into　the　forest。



The　consequences　of　this　event　were　felt　in　every　part　of　the　

Sudan。　To　the　westward；　in　Darfur；　the　Governor；　Slatin　Pasha；　

after　a　prolonged　and　valiant　resistance；　was　forced　to　

surrender；　and　the　whole　province　fell　into　the　hands　of　the　

rebels。　Southwards；　in　the　Bahr…el…Ghazal；　Lupton　Bey　was　shut　up



in　a　remote　stronghold；　while　the　country　was　overrun。　The　

Mahdi's　triumphs　were　beginning　to　penetrate　even　into　the　

tropical　regions　of　Equatoria；　the　tribes　were　rising；　and　Emir　

Pasha　was　preparing　to　retreat　towards　the　Great　Lakes。　On　the　

cast；　Osman　Digna　pushed　the　insurrection　right　up　to　the　shores　

of　the　Red　Sea　and　laid　siege　to　Suakin。　Before　the　year　was　

over；　with　the　exception　of　a　few　isolated　and　surrounded　

garrisons；　the　Mahdi　was　absolute　lord　of　a　territory　equal　to　

the　combined　area　of　Spain；　France；　and　Germany；　and　his　

victorious　armies　were　rapidly　closing　round　Khartoum。



When　the　news　of　the　Hicks　disaster　reached　Cairo；　the　Pashas　

calmly　announced　that　they　would　collect　another　army　of　10；000　

men；　and　again　attack　the　Mahdi；　but　the　English　Government　

understood　at　last　the　gravity　of　the　case。　They　saw　that　a　

crisis　was　upon　them；　and　that　they　could　no　longer　escape　the　

implications　of　their　position　in　Egypt。　What　were　they　to　do？　

Were　they　to　allow　the　Egyptians　to　become　more　and　more　deeply　

involved　in　a　ruinous；　perhaps　ultimately　a　fatal；　war　with　the　

Mahdi？　And；　if　not；　what　steps　were　they　to　take？　



A　small　minority　of　the　party　then　in　power　in　England　the

Liberal　

Party　were　anxious　to　withdraw　from　Egypt　altogether　and　at

once。　

On　the　other　hand；　another　and　a　more　influential　minority；　with　

representatives　in　the　Cabinet；　were　in　favour　of　a　more　active　

intervention　in　Egyptian　affairs　of　the　deliberate　use　of　the　

power　of　England　to　give　to　Egypt　internal　stability　and　external



security；　they　were　ready；　if　necessary；　to　take　the　field　

against　the　Mahdi　with　English　troops。　But　the　great　bulk　of　the　

party；　and　the　Cabinet；　with　Mr。　Gladstone　at　their　head；　

preferred　a　middle　course。　Realising　the　impracticality　of　an　

immediate　withdrawal；　they　were　nevertheless　determined　to　remain



in　Egypt　not　a　moment　longer　than　was　necessary；　and；　in　the　

meantime；　to　interfere　as　little　as　possible　in　Egyptian　affairs。

　

From　a　campaign　in　the　Sudan　conducted　by　an　English　army　they　

were　altogether　averse。　If；　therefore；　the　English　army　was　not　

to　be　used；　and　the　Egyptian　army　was　not　fit　to　be　used　

against　the　Mahdi；　it　followed　that　any　attempt　to　reconquer　the　

Sudan　must　be　abandoned；　the　remaining　Egyptian　troops　must　be　

withdrawn；　and　in　future　military　operations　must　be　limited　to　

those　of　a　strictly　defensive　kind。　Such　was　the　decision　of　the　

English　Government。　Their　determination　was　strengthened　by　two　

considerations：　in　the　first　place；　they　saw　that　the　Mahdi's　

rebellion　was　largely　a　nationalist　movement；　directed　against　an



alien　power；　and；　in　the　second　place；　the　policy　of　withdrawal　

from　the　Sudan　was　the　policy　of　their　own　representative　in　

Egypt；　Sir　Evelyn　Baring；　who　had　lately　been　appointed　Consul…

General　at　Cairo。　There　was　only　one　serious　obstacle　in　the

way　

the　attitude　of　the　Pashas　at　the　head　of　the　Egyptian　

Government。　The　infatuated　old　men　were　convinced　that　they　would



have　better　luck　next　time；　that　another　army　and　another　Hicks　

would　certainly　destroy　the　Mahdi；　and　that；　even　if　the　Mahdi　

were　again　victorious；　yet　another　army　and　yet　another　Hicks　

would　no　doubt　be　forthcoming；　and　that　THEY　would　do　the　trick；　

or；　failing　that　。。。　but　they　refused　to　consider　eventualities　

any　further。　In　the　face　of　such　opposition；　the　English　

Government；　unwilling　as　they　were　to　interfere；　saw　that　there　

was　no　choice　open　to　them　but　to　exercise　pressure。　They　

therefore　instructed　Sir　Evelyn　Baring；　in　the　event　of　the　

Egyptian　Government　refusing　to　withdraw　from　the　Sudan；　to　

insist　upon　the　Khedive's　appointing　other　Ministers　who　would　be



willing　to　do　so。



Meanwhile；　not　only　the　Government；　but　the　public　in　England　

were　beginning　to　realise　the　alarming　nature　of　the　Egyptian　

situation。　It　was　some　time　before　the　details　of　the　Hicks　

expedition　were　fully　known；　but