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Arnold　had　passed　from　his　perplexities　forever。



There　can　be　little　doubt　that　what　he　had　achieved　justified　the

prediction　of　the　Provost　of　Oriel　that　he　would　'change　the　face

of　education　all　through　the　public　schools　of　England'。　It　is

true　that；　so　far　as　the　actual　machinery　of　education　was

concerned；　Dr。　Arnold　not　only　failed　to　effect　a　change；　but

deliberately　adhered　to　the　old　system。　The　monastic　and　literary

conceptions　of　education；　which　had　their　roots　in　the　Middle

Ages；　and　had　been　accepted　and　strengthened　at　the　revival　of

Learning；　he　adopted　almost　without　hesitation。　Under　him；　the

public　school　remained；　in　essentials；　a　conventional

establishment；　devoted　to　the　teaching　of　Greek　and　Latin

grammar。　Had　he　set　on　foot　reforms　in　these　directions；　it　seems

probable　that　he　might　have　succeeded　in　carrying　the　parents　of

England　with　him。　The　moment　was　ripe；　there　was　a　general　desire

for　educational　changes；　and　Dr。　Arnold's　great　reputation　could

hardly　have　been　resisted。　As　it　was；　he　threw　the　whole　weight

of　his　influence　into　the　opposite　scale；　and　the　ancient　system

became　more　firmly　established　than　ever。



The　changes　which　he　did　effect　were　of　a　very　different　nature。

By　introducing　morals　and　religion　into　his　scheme　of　education；

he　altered　the　whole　atmosphere　of　public…school　life。

Henceforward　the　old　rough…and…tumble；　which　was　typified　by　the

regime　of　Keate　at　Eton；　became　impossible。　After　Dr。　Arnold；　no

public　school　could　venture　to　ignore　the　virtues　of

respectability。　Again；　by　his　introduction　of　the　prefectorial

system；　Dr。　Arnold　produced　far…reaching　effectseffects　which

he　himself；　perhaps；　would　have　found　perplexing。　In　his　day；

when　the　school　hours　were　over；　the　boys　were　free　to　enjoy

themselves　as　they　liked；　to　bathe；　to　fish；　to　ramble　for　long

afternoons　in　the　country；　collecting　eggs　or　gathering　flowers。

'The　taste　of　the　boys　at　this　period；'　writes　an　old　Rugbaean

who　had　been　under　Arnold；　'leaned　strongly　towards　flowers'。　The

words　have　an　odd　look　today。　'The　modern　reader　of　〃Tom　Brown's

Schooldays〃　searches　in　vain　for　any　reference　to　compulsory

games；　house　colours；　or　cricket　averages。　In　those　days；　when

boys　played　games　they　played　them　for　pleasure；　but　in　those

days　the　prefectorial　system　the　system　which　hands　over　the

life　of　a　school　to　an　oligarchy　of　a　dozen　youths　of　seventeen

was　still　in　its　infancy；　and　had　not　yet　borne　its　fruit。



Teachers　and　prophets　have　strange　after…histories；　and　that　of

Dr。　Arnold　has　been　no　exception。　The　earnest　enthusiast　who

strove　to　make　his　pupils　Christian　gentlemen　and　who　governed

his　school　according　to　the　principles　of　the　Old　Testament；　has

proved　to　be　the　founder　of　the　worship　of　athletics　and　the

worship　of　good　form。　Upon　those　two　poles　our　public　schools

have　turned　for　so　long　that　we　have　almost　come　to　believe　that

such　is　their　essential　nature；　and　that　an　English　public

schoolboy　who　wears　the　wrong　clothes　and　takes　no　interest　in

football；　is　a　contradiction　in　terms。　Yet　it　was　not　so　before

Dr。　Arnold；　will　it　always　be　so　after　him？　We　shall　see。



BIBLIOGRAPHY



Dean　Stanley。　Life　and　Correspondence　of　Dr　Arnold。　

Thomas　Hughes。　Tom　Brown's　Schooldays。　

Sir　H。　Maxwell…Lyte。　History　of　Eton　College。　

Wilfrid　Ward。　W。　G。　Ward　and　the　Oxford　Movement。

H。　Clough。　Letters。　An　Old　Rugbaean。　Recollections　of　Rugby。

Thomas　Arnold。　Passages　in　a　Wandering　Life。







The　End　of　General　Gordon



DURING　the　year　1883　a　solitary　English　gentleman　was　to　be　seen；



wandering；　with　a　thick　book　under　his　arm；　in　the　neighbourhood　

of　Jerusalem。　His　unassuming　figure；　short　and　slight；　with　its　

half…gliding；　half…tripping　motion；　gave　him　a　boyish　aspect；　

which　contrasted；　oddly；　but　not　unpleasantly；　with　the　touch　of　

grey　on　his　hair　and　whiskers。　There　was　the　same　contrast

enigmatic　and　attractivebetween　the　sunburnt　brick…red　

complexionthe　hue　of　the　seasoned　travellerand　the　large　blue



eyes；　with　their　look　of　almost　childish　sincerity。　To　the　

friendly　inquirer；　he　would　explain；　in　a　row；　soft；　and　very　

distinct　voice；　that　he　was　engaged　in　elucidating　four　

questionsthe　site　of　the　Crucifixion；　the　line　of　division　

between　the　tribes　of　Benjamin　and　Judah；　the　identification　of　

Gideon；　and　the　position　of　the　Garden　of　Eden。　He　was　also；　he　

would　add；　most　anxious　to　discover　the　spot　where　the　Ark　first　

touched　ground；　after　the　subsidence　of　the　Flood：　he　believed；　

indeed；　that　he　had　solved　that　problem；　as　a　reference　to　some　

passages　in　the　book　which　he　was　carrying　would　show。



This　singular　person　was　General　Gordon；　and　his　book　was　the　

Holy　Bible。



In　such　complete　retirement　from　the　world　and　the　ways　of　men；　

it　might　have　seemed　that　a　life　of　inordinate　activity　had　found



at　last　a　longed…for；　final　peacefulness。　For　month　after　

month；　for　an　entire　year；　the　General　lingered　by　the　banks　of　

the　Jordan。　But　then　the　enchantment　was　suddenly　broken。　Once　

more　adventure　claimed　him；　he　plunged　into　the　whirl　of　high　

affairs；　his　fate　was　mingled　with　the　frenzies　of　Empire　and　the



doom　of　peoples。　And　it　was　not　in　peace　and　rest；　but　in　ruin　

and　horror；　that　he　reached　his　end。



The　circumstances　of　that　tragic　history；　so　famous；　so　bitterly　

debated；　so　often　and　so　controversially　described；　remain　full　

of　suggestion　for　the　curious　examiner　of　the　past。　There　emerges



from　those　obscure；　unhappy　records　an　interest；　not　merely　

political　and　historical；　but　human　and　dramatic。　One　catches　a　

vision　of　strange　characters；　moved　by　mysterious　impulses；　

interacting　in　queer　complication；　and　hurrying　at　lastso　it　

almost　seemslike　creatures　in　a　puppet　show　to　a　predestined　

catastrophe。　The　characters；　too；　have　a　charm　of　their　own：　they



are　curiously　English。　What　other　nation　on　the　face　of　the　earth



could　have　produced　Mr。　Gladstone　and　Sir　Evelyn　Baring　and　Lord　

Hartington　and　General　Gordon？　Alike　in　their　emphasis　and　their　

lack　of　emphasis；　in　their　eccentricity　and　their

conventionality；　

in　their　matter…of…factness　and　their　romance；　these　four　figures



seem　to　embody　the　mingling　contradictions　of　the　English　spirit。



As　for　the　mise…en…scene；　it　is　perfectly　appropriate。　But　first；



let　us　glance　at　the　earlier　adventures　of　the　hero　of　the　piece。



Charles　George　Gordon　was　born　in　1833。　His　father；　of　Highland　

and　military　descent；　was　himself　a　Lieutenant…General；　his　

mother　came　of　a　family　of　merchants；　distinguished　for　their　sea



voyages　into　remote　regions　of　the　Globe。　As　a　boy；　Charlie　was　

remarkable　for　his　high　spirits；　pluck；　and　love　of　mischief。　

Destined　for　the　Artillery；　he　was　sent　to　the　Academy　at　

Woolwich；　where　some　other　characteristics　made　their　appearance。



On　one　occasion；　when　the　cadets　had　been　forbidden　to　leave　the　

dining…room　and　the　senior　corporal　stood　with　outstretched　arms　

in　the　doorway　to　prevent　their　exit；　Charlie　Gordon　put　his　head



down；　and；　butting　the　officer　in　the　pit　of　the　stomach；　

projected　him　down　a　flight　of　stairs　and　through　a　glass　door　at



the　bottom。　For　this　act　of　insubordination　he　was　nearly　

dismissed　while　the　captain　of　his　company　predicted　that　he　

would　never　make　an　officer。　A　little　later；　when　he　was　

eighteen；　it　came　to　the　knowledge　of　the　authorities　that　

bullying　was　rife　at　the　Academy。　The　new…comers　were　questioned；



and　one　of　them　said　that　Charlie　Gordon　had　hit　him　over　the　

head　with　a　clothes…brush。　He　had　worked　well；　and　his　record　was



on　the　whole　a　good　one；　but　the　authorities　took　a　serious　view　

of　the　case；　and　held　back　his　commission　for　six　months。　It　was　

owing　to　this　delay　that　he　went　into　the　Royal　Engineers；　

instead　of　the　Royal　Artillery。



He　was　sent　to　Pembroke；　to　work　at　the　erection　of　

fortifications；　and　at　Pembroke　those　religious　convictions；　

which　never　afterwards　left　him；　first　gained　a　hold　upon　his　

mind。　Under　the　influence　of　his　sister　Augusta　and　of　a　'very　

religious　captain　of　the　name　of　Drew'；　he　began　to　reflect　upon　

his　sins；　look　up　texts；　and　hope　for　salvation。　Though　he　had　

never　been　confirmed　he　never　was　confirmed　he　took　the　

sacrament　every　Sunday；　and　he　eagerly　perused　the　Priceless　

Diamond；　Scott's　Commentaries；　and　The　Remains　of　the　Rev。　R。　

McCheyne。　'No　novels　or　worldly　books；'　he　wrote　to　his　sister；　

'come　up　to　the　Commentaries　of　Scott。。。。　I；　remember　well　when　

you　used　to　get　them　in　numbers；　and　I　used　to　laugh　at　them；　

but；　thank　God；　it　is　different　with　me　now。　I　feel　much　happier　

and　more　contented　than　I　used　to　do。　I　did　not　like　Pembroke；　

but　now　I　would　not　wish　for　any　prettier　place。　I　have　got　a　

horse　and　gig；　and　Drew　and　myself　drive　all　about