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disapprobation; he could not bring himself to read him until he

was forty; when; it is true; he was much struck by the 'Clouds'。

But Juvenal; the Doctor could never bring himself to read at all。



Physical science was not taught at Rugby。 Since; in Dr。 Arnold's

opinion; it was too great a subject to be studied en parergo;

obviously only two alternatives were possible: it must either

take the chief place in the school curriculum; or it must be left

out altogether。 Before such a choice; Dr。 Arnold did not hesitate

for a moment。 'Rather than have physical science the principal

thing in my son's mind;' he exclaimed in a letter to a friend; I

would gladly have him think that the sun went around the earth;

and that the stars were so many spangles set in the bright blue

firmament。 Surely the one thing needful for a Christian and an

English man to study is Christian; moral; and political

philosophy。'



A Christian and an Englishman! After all; it was not in the

classroom; nor in the boarding…house; that the essential elements

of instruction could be imparted which should qualify the

youthful neophyte to deserve those names。 The final; the

fundamental lesson could only be taught in the school chapel; in

the school chapel the centre of Dr。 Arnold's system of education

was inevitably fixed。 There; too; the Doctor himself appeared in

the plenitude of his dignity and his enthusiasm。 There; with the

morning sun shining on the freshly scrubbed faces of his 300

pupils; or; in the dusk of evening; through a glimmer of candles;

his stately form; rapt in devotion or vibrant with exhortation;

would dominate the scene。 Every phase of the Church service

seemed to receive its supreme expression in his voice; his

attitude; his look。 During the Te Deum; his whole countenance

would light up; and he read the Psalms with such conviction that

boys would often declare; after hearing him; that they understood

them now for the first time。



It was his opinion that the creeds in public worship ought to be

used as triumphant hymns of thanksgiving; and; in accordance with

this view; although unfortunately he possessed no natural gift

for music; he regularly joined in the chanting of the Nicene

Creed with a visible animation and a peculiar fervour; which it

was impossible to forget。 The Communion service he regarded as a

direct and special counterpoise to that false communion and false

companionship; which; as he often observed; was a great source of

mischief in the school; and he bent himself down with glistening

eyes; and trembling voice; and looks of paternal solicitude; in

the administration of the elements。 Nor was it only the different

sections of the liturgy; but the very divisions of the

ecclesiastical year that reflected themselves in his demeanour;

the most careless observer; we are told; 'could not fail to be

struck by the triumphant exultation of his whole manner on Easter

Sunday'; though it needed a more familiar eye to discern the

subtleties in his bearing which were produced by the approach or

Advent; and the solemn thoughts which it awakened of the advance

of human life; the progress of the human race; and the condition

of the Church of England。



At the end of the evening service; the culminating moment of the

week had come: the Doctor delivered his sermon。 It was not until

then; as all who had known him agreed; it was not until one had

heard and seen him in the pulpit; that one could fully realise

what it was to be face to face with Dr。 Arnold。 The whole

character of the manso we are assuredstood at last revealed。

His congregation sat in fixed attention (with the exception of

the younger boys; whose thoughts occasionally wandered); while he

propounded the general principles both of his own conduct and

that of the Almighty; or indicated the bearing of the incidents

of Jewish history in the sixth century B。C。 upon the conduct of

English schoolboys in 1830。 Then; more than ever; his deep

consciousness of the invisible world became evident; then; more

than ever; he seemed to be battling with the wicked one。 For his

sermons ran on the eternal themes of the darkness of evil; the

craft of the tempter; the punishment of obliquity; and he

justified the persistence with which he dwelt upon these painful

subjects by an appeal to a general principle: 'The spirit of

Elijah;' he said; 'must ever precede the spirit of Christ。'



The impression produced upon the boys was remarkable。 It was

noticed that even the most careless would sometimes; during the

course of the week; refer almost involuntarily to the sermon of

the past Sunday; as a condemnation of what they were doing。

Others were heard to wonder how it was that the Doctor's

preaching; to which they had attended at the time so assiduously;

seemed; after all; to have such a small effect upon what they

did。 An old gentleman; recalling those vanished hours; tried to

recapture in words his state of mind as he sat in the darkened

chapel; while Dr。 Arnold's sermons; with their high…toned

exhortations; their grave and sombre messages of incalculable

import; clothed; like Dr。 Arnold's body in its gown and bands; in

the traditional stiffness of a formal phraseology; reverberated

through his adolescent ears。 'I used;' he said; 'to listen to

those sermons from first to last with a kind of awe。'



His success was not limited to his pupils and immediate auditors。

The sermons were collected into five large volumes; they were the

first of their kind; and they were received with admiration by a

wide circle of pious readers。 Queen Victoria herself possessed a

copy in which several passages were marked in pencil; by the

Royal hand。



Dr。 Arnold's energies were by no means exhausted by his duties at

Rugby。 He became known not merely as a headmaster; but as a

public man。 He held decided opinions upon a large number of

topics; and he enunciated thembased as they were almost

invariably upon general principlesin pamphlets; in prefaces;

and in magazine articles; with an impressive self…confidence。 He

was; as he constantly declared; a Liberal。 In his opinion; by the

very constitution of human nature; the principles of progress and

reform had been those of wisdom and justice in every age of the

worldexcept one: that which had preceded the fall of man from

Paradise。 Had he lived then; Dr。 Arnold would have been a

Conservative。 As it was; his Liberalism was tempered by an

'abhorrence of the spirit of 1789; of the American War; of the

French Economistes; and of the English Whigs of the latter part

of the seventeenth century'; and he always entertained a profound

respect for the hereditary peerage。 It might almost be said; in

fact; that he was an orthodox Liberal。 He believed in toleration

too; within limits; that is to say; in the toleration of those

with whom he agreed。 'I would give James Mill as much opportunity

for advocating his opinion;' he said; 'as is consistent with a

voyage to Botany Bay。'



He had become convinced of the duty of sympathising with the

lower orders ever since he had made a serious study of the

Epistle of St。 James; but he perceived clearly that the lower

orders fell into two classes; and that it was necessary to

distinguish between them。 There were the 'good poor'and there

were the others。 'I am glad that you have made acquaintance with

some of the good poor;' he wrote to a Cambridge undergraduate。 'I

quite agree with you that it is most instructive to visit them。'

Dr。 Arnold himself occasionally visited them; in Rugby; and the

condescension with which he shook hands with old men and women of

the working classes was long remembered in the neighbourhood。 As

for the others; he regarded them with horror and alarm。 'The

disorders in our social state;' he wrote to the Chevalier Bunsen

in 1834; 'appear to me to continue unabated。 You have heard; I

doubt not; of the Trades Unions; a fearful engine of mischief;

ready to riot or to assassinate; and I see no counteracting

power。'



On the whole; his view of the condition of England was a gloomy

one。 He recommended a correspondent to read 'Isaiah iii; v; xxii;

Jeremiah v; xxii; xxx; Amos iv; and Habakkuk ii'; adding; 'you

will be struck; I think; with the close resemblance of our own

state with that of the Jews before the second destruction of

Jerusalem'。 When he was told that the gift of tongues had

descended on the Irvingites at Glasgow; he was not surprised。 'I

should take it;' he said; 'merely as a sign of the coming of the

day of the Lord。' And he was convinced that the day of the Lord

was coming'the termination of one of the great aiones of the

human race'。 Of that he had no doubt whatever; wherever he looked

he saw 'calamities; wars; tumults; pestilences; earthquakes;

etc。; all marking the time of one of God's peculiar seasons of

visitation'。 His only uncertainty was whether this termination of

an aion would turn out to be the abs

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