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 addressing a multitude; or for carrying soldiers with him by the force of words; out of shame and sadness he could not find in his heart to speak himself but employed Domitius Aenobarbus。 And some of the soldiers resented it; as an undervaluing of them; but the greater number saw the true cause; and pitied it; and thought it rather a reason why they on their side should treat their general with more respect and obedience than ordinary。   Antony had resolved to return by the same way he came; which was through a level country clear of all trees; but a certain Mardian came to him (one that was very conversant with the manners of the Parthians; and whose fidelity to the Romans had been tried at the battle where the machines were lost); and advised him to keep the mountains close on his right hand; and not to expose his men; heavily armed; in a broad; open; riding country; to the attacks of a numerous army of light horse and archers; that Phraates with fair promises had persuaded him from the siege on purpose that he might with more ease cut him off in his retreat; but if so he pleased; he would conduct him by a nearer route; on which moreover he should find the necessaries for his army in greater abundance。 Antony upon this began to consider what was best to be done; he was unwilling to seem to have any mistrust of the Parthians after their treaty; but; holding it to be really best to march his army the shorter and more inhabited way; he demanded of the Mardian some assurance of his faith; who offered himself to be bound until the army came safe into Armenia。 Two days he conducted the army bound; and; on the third; when Antony had given up all thought of the enemy; and was marching at his ease in no very good order; the Mardian; perceiving the bank of the river broken down; and the water let out and overflowing the road by which they were to pass; saw at once that this was the handiwork of the Parthians; done out of mischief; and to hinder their march: so he advised Antony to be upon his guard; for that the enemy was nigh at hand。 And sooner had he begun to put his men in order; disposing the slingers and dart…men in convenient intervals for sallying out; but the Parthians came pouring in on all sides; fully expecting to encompass them; and throw the whole army into disorder。 They were at once attacked by the light troops; whom they galled a good deal with their arrows; but being themselves as warmly entertained with the slings and darts; and many wounded; they made their retreat。 Soon after; rallying up afresh; they were beat back by a battalion of Gallic horse; and appeared no more that day。   By their manner of attack Antony; seeing what to do; not only placed the slings and darts as a rear guard; but also lined both flanks with them; and so marched in a square battle; giving order to the horse to charge and beat off the enemy; but not to follow them far as they retired。 So that the Parthians; not doing more mischief for the four ensuing days than they received; began to abate in their zeal; and; complaining that the winter season was much advanced; pressed for returning home。   But; on the fifth day; Flavius Gallus; a brave and active officer; who had a considerable command in the army; came to Antony; desiring of him some light infantry out of the rear; and some horse out of the front; with which he would undertake to do some considerable service。 Which when he had obtained; he beat the enemy back; not withdrawing; as was usual; at the same time; and retreating upon the mass of the heavy infantry; but maintaining his own ground; and engaging boldly。 The officers who commanded in the rear; perceiving how far he was getting from the body of the army; sent to warn him back; but he took no notice of them。 It is said that Titius the quaestor snatched the standards and turned them round; upbraiding Gallus with thus leading so many brave men to destruction。 But when he on the other side reviled him again; and commanded the men that were about him to stand firm; Titius made his retreat; and Gallus; charging the enemies in the front; was encompassed by a party that fell upon his rear; which at length perceiving; he sent a messenger to demand succour。 But the commanders of the heavy infantry; Canidius amongst others; a particular favourite of Antony's; seem here to have committed a great oversight。 For; instead of facing about with the whole body; they sent small parties; and; when they were defeated; they still sent out small parties; so that by their bad management the rout would have spread through the whole army; if Antony himself had not marched from the van at the head of the third legion; and; passing this through among the fugitives; faced the enemies; and hindered them from any further pursuit。   In this engagement were killed three thousand; five thousand were carried back to the camp wounded; amongst the rest Gallus; shot through the body with four arrows; of which wounds he died。 Antony went from tent to tent to visit and comfort the rest of them; and was not able to see his men without tears and a passion of grief。 They; however; seized his hand with joyful faces; bidding him go and see to himself and not be concerned about them; calling him their emperor and their general; and saying that if he did well they were safe。 For; in short; never in all these times can history make mention of a general at the head of a more splendid army; whether you consider strength and youth; or patience and sufferance in labours and fatigues; but as for the obedience and affectionate respect they bore their general; and the unanimous feeling amongst small and great alike; officers and common soldiers; to prefer his good opinion of them to their very lives and being; in this part of military excellence it was not possible that they could have been surpassed by the very Romans of old。 For this devotion; as I have said before; there were many reasons; as the nobility of his family; his eloquence; his frank and open manners; his liberal and magnificent habits; his familiarity in talking with everybody; and; at this time particularly; his kindness in visiting and pitying the sick; joining in all their pains; and furnishing them with all things necessary; so that the sick and wounded were even more eager to serve than those that were whole and strong。   Nevertheless; this last victory had so encouraged the enemy that; instead of their former impatience and weariness; they began soon to feel contempt for the Romans; staying all night near the camp; in expectation of plundering their tents and baggage; which they concluded they must abandon; and in the morning new forces arrived in large masses; so that their number was grown to be not less; it is said; than forty thousand horse; and the king had sent the very guards that attended upon his own person; as to a sure and unquestioned victory; for he himself was never present in any fight。 Antony; designing to harangue the soldiers; called for a mourning habit that he might move them the more; but was dissuaded by his friends; so he came forward in the general's scarlet cloak; and addressed them; praising those that had gained the victory; and reproaching those that had fled; the former answering him with promises of success; and the latter excusing themselves; and telling him they were ready to undergo decimation; or any other punishment he should please to inflict upon them; only entreating that he would forget and not discompose himself with their faults。 At which he lifted up his hands to heaven; and prayed the gods that; if to balance the great favours he had received of them any judgment lay in store; they would pour it upon his head alone; and grant his soldiers victory。   The next day they took better order for their march; and the Parthians; who thought they were marching rather to plunder than to fight; were much taken aback; when they came up and were received with a shower of missiles; to find the enemy not disheartened; but fresh and resolute。 So that they themselves began to lose courage。 But at the descent of a bill where the Romans were obliged to pass; they got together; and let fly their arrows upon them as they moved slowly down。 But the full…armed infantry; facing round; received the light troops within; and those in the first rank knelt on one knee; holding their shields before them; the next rank holding theirs over the first; and so again others over these; much like the tiling of a house; or the rows of seats in a theatre; the whole affording sure defence against arrows; which glanced upon them without doing any harm。 The Parthians; seeing the Romans down upon their knees; could not imagine but that it must proceed from weariness; so that they laid down their bows; and; taking their spears; made a fierce onset; when the Romans; with a great cry; leaped upon their feet; striking hand to hand with their javelins; slew the foremost; and put the rest to flight。 After this rate it was every day; and the trouble they gave made the marches short; in addition to which famine began to be felt in the camp; for they could get but little corn; and that which they got they were forced to fight for; and; besides this; they were in want of implements to grind it and make bread。 For they had left almost a

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