phenomenology of mind-第96节

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


substance　is　thus　just　its　relinquishment；　and　the　relinquishment　is　the　substance；　i。e。　the　spiritual
powers　forming　themselves　into　a　coherent　world　and　thereby　securing　their　subsistence。

The　substance　in　this　way　is　spirit；　self…conscious　unity　of　the　self　and　the　essential　nature；　but　both
also　take　each　other　to　mean　and　to　imply　alienation。　Spirit　is　consciousness　of　an　objective　reality
which　exists　independently　on　its　own　account。　Over　against　this　consciousness　stands；　however；
that　unity　of　the　self　with　the　essential　nature；　consciousness　pure　and　simple　over　against　actual
consciousness。　On　the　one　side　actual　self…consciousness　by　its　self…relinquishment　passes　over
into　the　real　world；　and　the　latter　back　again　into　the　former。　On　the　other　side；　however；　this　very
actuality；　both　person　and　objectivity；　is　cancelled　and　superseded；　they　are　purely　universal。　This
their　alienation　is　pure　consciousness；　or　the　essential　nature。　The　〃present〃　has　directly　its
opposite　in　its　〃beyond〃；　which　is　its　thinking　and　its　being　thought；　just　as　this　again　has　its
opposite　in　what　is　here　in　the　〃present〃；　which　is　the　actuality　of　the　〃beyond〃　but　alienated　from
it。

Spirit　in　this　case；　therefore；　constructs　not　merely　one　world；　but　a　twofold　world；　divided　and
self…opposed。　The　world　of　the　ethical　spirit　is　its　own　proper　present；　and　hence　every　power　it
possesses　is　found　in　this　unity　of　the　present；　and；　so　far　as　each　separates　itself　from　the　other；
each　is　still　in　equilibrium　with　the　whole。　Nothing　has　the　significance　of　a　negative　of
self…consciousness；　even　the　spirit　of　the　departed　is　in　the　life…blood　of　his　relative；　is　present　in
the　self　of　the　family；　and　the　universal　power　of　government　is　the　will；　the　self　of　the　nation。　Here；
however；　what　is　present　means　merely　objective　actuality；　which　has　its　consciousness　in　the
beyond；　each　single　moment；　as　an　essential　entity；　receives　this；　and　thereby　actuality；　from　an
other；　and　so　far　as　it　is　actual；　its　essential　being　is　something　other　than　its　own　actuality。　Nothing
has　a　spirit　self…established　and　indwelling　within　it；　rather；　each　is　outside　itself　in　what　is　alien　to
it。　The　equilibrium　of　the　whole　is　not　the　unity　which　abides　by　itself；　nor　its　inwardly　secured
tranquillity；　but　rests　on　the　estrangement　of　its　opposite。　The　whole　is；　therefore；　like　each　single
moment；　a　self…estranged　reality。　It　breaks　up　into　two　spheres：　in　one　kingdom　self…consciousness
is　actually　both　the　self　and　its　object；　and　in　another　we　have　the　kingdom　of　pure　consciousness；
which；　being　beyond　the　former；　has　no　actual　present；　but　exists　for　Faith；　is　matter　of　Belief。
Now　just　as　the　ethical　world　passes　from　the　separation　of　divine　and　human　law；　with　its　various
forms；　and　its　consciousness　gets　away　from　the　division　into　knowledge　and　the　absence　of
knowledge；　and　returns　into　the　principle　which　is　its　destiny；　into　the　self　which　is　the　power　to
destroy　and　negate　this　opposition；　so；　too；　both　these　kingdoms　of　self…alienated　spirit　will　return
into　the　self。　But　if　the　former；　the　first　self　holding　good　directly；　was　the　single　person；　this
second；　which　returns　into　itself　from　its　self…relinquishment；　will　be　the　universal　self；　the
consciousness　grasping　the　conception；　and　these　spiritual　worlds；　all　of　whose　moments　insist　on
having　a　fixed　reality　and　an　un…spiritual　subsistence；　will　be　dissolved　in　the　light　of　pure　Insight。
This　insight；　being　the　self　grasping　itself；　completes　the　stage　of　culture。　It　takes　up　nothing　but　the
self；　and　everything　as　the　self；　i。e。　it　comprehends　everything；　extinguishes　all　objectiveness；　and
converts　everything　implicit　into　something　explicit；　everything　which　has　a　being　in　itself　into　what
is　for　itself。　When　turned　against　belief；　against　faith；　as　the　alien　realm　of　inner　being　lying　in　the
distant　beyond；　it　is　Enlightenment　（Aufkl？rung）。　This　enlightenment　completes　spirit's
self…estrangement　in　this　realm　too；　whither　spirit　in　self…alienation　turns　to　seek　its　safety　as　to　a
region　where　it　becomes　conscious　of　the　peace　of　self…equipoise。　Enlightenment　upsets　the
household　arrangements；　which　spirit　carries　out　in　the　house　of　faith；　by　bringing　in　the　goods　and
furnishings　belonging　to　the　world　of　the　Here　and　Now；　a　world　which　that　spirit　cannot　refuse　to
accept　as　its　own　property；　for　its　conscious　life　likewise　belongs　to　that　world。　In　this　negative
task　pure　insight　realizes　itself　at　the　same　time；　and　brings　to　light　its　own　proper　object；　the
〃unknowable　absolute　Being〃　and　utility。（2）　Since　in　this　way　actuality　has　lost　all　substantiality；　and
there　is　nothing　more　implicit　in　it；　the　kingdom　of　faith；　as　also　that　of　the　real　world；　is
overthrown；　and　this　revolution　brings　about　absolute　freedom；；　the　stage　at　which　the　spirit
formerly　estranged　has　gone　back　completely　into　itself；　leaves　behind　this　sphere　of　culture；　and
passes　over　into　another　region；　the　land　of　the　inner　or　subjective　moral　consciousness
（moralischen　Bewusstsein）。



　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　



1。　v。　p。　501　ff。　

2。　Cp。　Eighteenth　century　Deism　and　utilitarianism。　




I
　　The　World　of　Spirit　in　Self…Estrangement

THE　sphere　of　spirit　at　this　stage　breaks　up　into　two　regions。　The　one　is　the　actual　world；　that　of
self…estrangement；　the　other　is　that　which　spirit　constructs　for　itself　in　the　ether　of　pure
consciousness　raising　itself　above　the　first。　This　second　world；　being　constructed　in　opposition　and
contrast　to　that　estrangement；　is　just　on　that　account　not　free　from　it；　on　the　contrary；　it　is　only　the
other　form　of　that　very　estrangement；　which　consists　precisely　in　having　a　conscious　existence　in
two　sorts　of　worlds；　and　embraces　both。　Hence　it　is　not　self…consciousness　of　Absolute　Being　in
and　for　itself；　not　Religion；　which　is　here　dealt　with：　it　is　Belief；　Faith；　in　so　far　as　faith　is　a　flight
from　the　actual　world；　and　thus　is　not　a　self…complete　experience　（an　und　für　sich）。　Such　flight
from　the　realm　of　the　present　is；　therefore；　directly　in　its　very　nature　a　dual　state　of　mind。　Pure
consciousness　is　the　sphere　into　which　spirit　rises：　but　it　is　not　only　the　element　of　faith；　but　of　the
notion　as　well。　Consequently　both　appear　on　the　scene　together　at　the　same　time；　and　the　former
comes　before　us　only　in　antithesis　to　the　latter。




I。　a　
　　　Culture　&　its　Realm　of　Actual　Reality　（1）

THE　spirit　of　this　world　is　spiritual　essence　permeated　by　a　self…consciousness　which　knows　itself
to　be　directly　present　as　a　self…existent　particular；　and　knows　that　essence　as　an　objective　actuality
over　against　itself。　But　the　existence　of　this　world；　as　also　the　actuality　of　self…consciousness；
depends　on　the　process　that　self…consciousness　divests　itself　of　its　personality；　by　so　doing　creates
its　world；　and　treats　it　as　something　alien　and　external；　of　which　it　must　now　take　possession。　But
the　renunciation　of　its　self…existence　is　itself　the　production　of　the　actuality；　and　in　doing　so；
therefore；　self…consciousness　ipso　facto　makes　itself　master　of　this　world。

To　put　the　matter　otherwise；　self…consciousness　is　only　something　definite；　it　only　has　real
existence；　so　far　as　it　alienates　itself　from　itself。　By　doing　so；　it　puts　itself　in　the　position　of
something　universal；　and　this　its　universality　is　its　validity；　establishes　it；　and　is　its　actuality。　This
equality　of　the　self　with　all　selves　is；　therefore；　not　the　equality　that　was　found　in　the　case　of　right；
self…consciousness　does　not　here；　as　there；　get　immediate　validity　and　acknowledgment　merely
because　it　is；　on　the　contrary；　its　claim　to　be　valid　rests　on　its　having　made　itself；　by　that　mediating
process　of　self…alienation；　conform　to　what　is　universal。　The　spiritless　formal　universality　which
characterizes　the　sphere　of　right　takes　up　every　natural　form　of　character　as　well　as　of　existence；
and　sanctions　and　establishes　them。　The　universality　which　holds　good　here；　however；　is　one　that
has　undergone　development；　and　for　that　reason　it　is　concrete　and　actual。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（1）　Culture　as　the　Estrangement　of　Natural　Existence

The　means；　then；　whereby　an　individual　gets　objective　validity　and　concrete　actuality　here　is　the
formative　process　of　Culture。　The　estrangement　on　the　part　of　spirit　from　its　natural　existence　is
here　the　individual's　true　and　original　nature；　his　very　substance。　The　relinquishment　of　this　natural
state　is；　therefore；　both　his　purpose　and　his　mode　of　existence；　it　is　at　the　same　time　the　mediating
process；　the　transition　of　the　thought…constituted　substance　to　concrete　actuality；　as　well　as；
conversely；　the　transition　of　determinate　individuality　to　its　essential　constitution。　This　individuality
moulds　itself　by　culture　to　what　it　inherently　is；　and　only　by　so　doing　is　it　then　something　per　se　and
possessed　of　concrete　existence。　The　extent（2）　of　its　culture　is　the　measure　of　its　reality　and　its
power。　Although　the　self；　qua　this　particular　self；　knows　itself　here　to　be　real；　yet　its　concrete
realization　consists　solely　in　cancelling　and　transcending　the　natural　self。　The　original
determinateness　of　its　nat