phenomenology of mind-第37节

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inner　distinction；　or　immanent　distinction；　when　the　like　is　unlike　itself；　and　the　unlike　like　itself。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（c）　The　Law　of　Pure　Distinction：　the　Inverted　World

This　second　supersensible　world　is　in　this　way　the　inverted　world　（verkehrte　Welt）；　and；
moreover；　since　one　aspect　is　already　present　in　the　first　supersensible　world；　the　inverted　form　of
this　first。　The　inner　being　is；　thereby；　in　its　character　of　appearance　completed。　For　the　first
supersensible　world　was　only　the　immediate　raising　of　the　world　of　perception　into　the　element　of
universality。　It　has　its　necessary　counterpart　in　this　world　of　perception；　which　still　retains　as　its
own　the　principle　of　change　and　alteration。　The　first　kingdom　of　laws　dispenses　with　this　principle；
but　receives　it　in　the　form　of　an　inverted　world。

By　the　law　of　this　inverted　world；　then；　the　selfsame　in　the　first　world　is　the　unlike　of　itself；　and　the
unlike　in　the　first　is　equally　unlike　to　itself；　or　it　becomes　like　itself。　Expressed　in　determinate
moments；　this　will　assume　the　form　that　what　by　the　law　of　the　first　is　sweet；　is；　in　this　inner；
inverted　reality；　sour；　what　is　there　black　is　here　white。　What；　by　the　law　of　the　first；　was　north
pole　in　the　case　of　the　magnet；　is；　in　its　other　supersensible　inner　world　（viz。　in　the　earth）；　south
pole；　〃while　what　was　there　south　pole　is　here　north　pole。　Similarly；　what　by　the　first　law　is　in　the
case　of　electricity　the　oxygen　pole　becomes　in　its　other　supersensible　reality　hydrogen　pole；　and
conversely；　what　is　there　the　pole　of　hydrogen　becomes　here　the　pole　of　oxygen。　To　take　another
sphere　of　experience：　revenge　on　an　enemy　is；　according　to　the　primitive　immediate　law；　the
supreme　satisfaction　of　injured　individuality。　This　law；　however　—　that　of　standing　up　against　one
who　does　not　treat　me　as　a　substantial　self；　showing　him　that　I　am　a　substantial　being；　and　even
doing　away　with　him　as　a　reality　—　this　law　is　transmuted　by　the　principle　of　the　other　world　into
the　very　opposite；　the　reinstatement　of　myself　as　the　true　reality　through　the　removal　of　the　alien
hostile　being　is　turned　into　self…destruction。　If　now　this　inversion；　which　is　brought　out　in　the
punishment　of　crime；　is　made　into　a　law；　it　also　is　again　only　the　law　of　a　world　which　has　an
inverted　supersensuous　world　standing　in　antithesis　to　itself；　where　that　which　is　despised　in　the
former　comes　to　honour；　and　that　which　in　the　former　is　honoured　meets　with　contempt。　The
punishment　which；　by　the　law　of　the　former；　disgraces　a　man　and　annihilates　him；　turns　round　in　its
inverted　world　into　the　pardoning　grace　which　preserves　his　being　and　brings　him　to　honour。

Looked　at　on　the　surface；　this　inverted　world　is　the　antithesis　of　the　first　in　the　sense　that　it　has　the
latter　outside　itself；　and　repels　that　world　from　itself　as　an　inverted　reality；　that　the　one　is　the　sphere
of　appearance；　while　the　other　is　the　inherent　being；　that　the　one　is　the　world　as　it　is　for　an　other；
the　other　again　the　world　as　it　is　for　itself。　In　this　way；　to　use　the　previous　examples；　what　tastes
sweet　is　properly；　or　inwardly　in　the　thing；　sour；　or　what　is　north　pole　in　the　case　of　the　actual
magnet　belonging　to　the　sphere　of　appearance；　would　be；　in　the　inner　or　essential　being；　south
pole。　What　is　shown　to　be　oxygen　pole　in　electricity　as　a　phenomenon；　would　be　hydrogen　pole　in
the　case　of　electricity　not　failing　within　the　sphere　of　appearance。　Or　again；　an　act　which　in
appearance　is　a　crime　would　in　its　inner　nature　be　capable　of　being　really　good　—　a　bad　act　may
have　a　good　intention；　punishment　is　only　in　appearance　punishment；　in　itself　or　in　another　world　it
might　well　be；　for　the　criminal；　a　benefit。　But　such　oppositions　of　inner　and　outer；　appearance　and
supersensible；　in　the　sense　of　two　sorts　of　reality；　are　no　longer　to　be　found　here。　The　differences
repelled　are　not　divided　anew　and　assigned　to　two　substances　such　as　would　support　them　and
lend　them　a　separate　subsistence；　the　result　of　which　would　be　that　understanding　would　leave　the
inner　region；　and　fall　back　again　on　its　previous　position。　The　one　aspect　or　substance　would　be
once　more　the　world　of　perception；　where　the　one　of　those　two　laws　would　carry　on　its　existence；
and　in　opposition　to　it　an　inner　world；　just　such　a　sensible　world　as　the　first；　but　in　the　sphere　of
ideas；　one　that　could　not　be　indicated；　seen；　heard；　and　tasted　as　a　sensible　world；　and　yet　would
be　thought　of　as　such　a　sensible　world。　But　in　point　of　fact；　if　the　one　element　set　up　is　a　perceived
reality；　and　its　inherent　being；　as　its　inverted　form；　is　at　the　same　time　a　sensuously　represented
element；　then　sour；　which　would　be　the　inherent　nature　of　the　sweet　thing；　is　a　real　thing　just　as
much　as　the　latter；　viz。；　a　sour　thing；　black；　which　would　be　the　inherent　nature　of　white；　is　the
actual　black；　the　north　pole；　which　is　the　true　reality　of　the　south　pole；　is　the　north　pole　present　in
the　same　magnet；　the　oxygen　pole；　the　inherent　nature　of　the　pole　of　hydrogen；　is　the　given　oxygen
pole　of　the　same　voltaic　pile。　The　actual　crime；　however。　finds　its　inversion　and　its　inherent　nature
qua　possibility；　in　the　intention　as　such；　but　not　in　a　good　intention；　for　the　truth　of　intention　is
simply　the　deed　itself。　The　crime；　so　far　as　its　content　goes；　recoils　upon　itself；　finds　its　inversion　in
actual　punishment；　this　is　the　reconciliation　of　the　law　with　the　reality　set　up　against　it　in　crime。
Finally；　the　actual　punishment　carries　its　inverted　reality　with　it　in　such　a　way　that　it　is　a　kind　of
realization　of　the　law；　whereby　the　activity；　which　the　law　exercises　in　the　form　of　punishment；　is
cancelled　in　the　process；　a　manner　of　realization　through　which　the　law；　from　being　actively
operative；　becomes　again　quiescent　and　authoritative；　and　the　conflict　of　individuality　with　it；　and
of　it　with　individuality；　is　extinguished。

From　the　idea；　then；　of　inversion　which　constitutes　the　essential　nature　of　one　aspect　of　the
supersensible　world；　we　must　dissociate　the　sensuous　idea　of　keeping　distinctions　substantively
fixed　in　a　different　element　that　sustains　them；　and　this　absolute　notion　of　distinction　must　be　set
forth　and　apprehended　purely　as　inner　distinction；　self…repulsion　of　the　selfsame　as　selfsame；　and
likeness　of　the　unlike　as　unlike。　We　have　to　think　pure　flux；　opposition　within　opposition　itself；　or
Contradiction。　For　in　the　distinction；　which　is　an　internal　distinction；　the　opposite　is　not　only　one　of
two　factors　—　if　so；　it　would　not　be　an　opposite；　but　a　bare　existent　—　it　is　the　opposite　of　an
opposite；　or　the　other　is　itself　directly　and　immediately　present　within　it。

No　doubt　I　put　the　opposite　here　and　the　other；　of　which　it　is　the　opposite；　there；　that　is；　I　place
the　opposite　on　one　side；　taking　it　by　itself　without　the　other。　Just　on　that　account；　however；　since
I　have　here　the　opposite　all　by　itself；　it　is　the　opposite　of　its　own　self；　that　is；　it　has　in　point　of　fact
the　other　immediately　within　itself。　Thus　the　supersensible　world；　which　is　the　inverted　world；　has
at　the　same　time　reached　out　beyond　the　other　world　and　has　in　itself　that　other；　it　is　to　itself
conscious　of　being　inverted　（für　sich　verkehrte；）；　i。e。　it　is　the　inverted　form　of　itself；　it　is　that
world　itself　and　its　opposite　in　a　single　unity。　Only　thus　is　it　distinction　as　internal　distinction；　or
distinction　per　se；　in　other　words；　only　thus　is　it　in　the　form　of　Infinity。

By　means　of　infinity　we　see　law　attaining　the　form　of　inherent　necessity；　and　so　realizing　its
complete　nature；　and　all　moments　of　the　sphere　of　appearance　are　thereby　taken　up　into　the　inner
realm。　That　the　simple　and　ultimate　nature　of　law　is　infinity　means；　according　to　the　foregoing
analysis；　（a）　that　it　is　a　self…identical　element；　which；　however；　is　inherently　distinction；　or　that　it　is
selfsameness　which　repels　itself　from　itself；　breaks　asunder　into　two　factors。　What　was　called
simple　force　duplicates　itself；　and　through　its　infinity　is　law。　It　means　（b）　that　what　is　thus　sundered；
constituting　as　it　does　the　parts　which　are　thought　of　as　in　the　law；　puts　itself　forward　as　subsisting；
as　stable；　and；　if　the　parts　are　considered　without　the　conception　of　internal　distinction；　then　space
and　time；　or　distance　and　velocity；　which　appear　as　moments　of　gravity；　are　just　as　much
indifferent　and　without　necessary　relation　to　one　another　as　to　gravity　itself；　or　again　as　this　bare
gravity　is　indifferent　to　them；　or　as　simple　electricity　is　indifferent　to　positive　and　negative。　But　（c）
by　this　conception　of　internal　distinction；　this　unlike　and　indifferent　factor；　space　and　time；　etc。；
becomes　a　distinction；　which　is　no　distinction；　or　merely　a　distinction　of　what　is　selfsame；　and　its
essence　is　unity。　They　are　reciprocally　awakened　into　activity　as　positive　and　negative　by　each
other；　and　their　being　lies　rather　in　their　putting　themselves　as　not…being；　and　cancelling　themselves
in　the　common　unity。　Both　the　factors　distinguished　subsist；　they　are　per　se；　and　they　are　per　se　as
opposites；　that　is　are　the　opposites　of　themselves；　they　have　their　antithesis　within　them；　and　are
merely　one