north america-1-第60节

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oton　River；　whence　New　York　is　supplied；　by　an　aqueduct　over　the　Harlem　River　into　an　enormous　reservoir　just　above　the　Park；　and　hence　it　has　come　to　pass　that　there　will　be　water　not　only　for　sanitary　and　useful　purposes；　but　also　for　ornament。　　At　present　the　Park；　to　English　eyes；　seems　to　be　all　road。　　The　trees　are　not　grown　up；　and　the　new　embankments；　and　new　lakes；　and　new　ditches；　and　new　paths　give　to　the　place　anything　but　a　picturesque　appearance。　　The　Central　Park　is　good　for　what　it　will　be　rather　than　for　what　it　is。　　The　summer　heat　is　so　very　great　that　I　doubt　much　whether　the　people　of　New　York　will　ever　enjoy　such　verdure　as　our　parks　show。　But　there　will　be　a　pleasant　assemblage　of　walks　and　water…works；　with　fresh　air　and　fine　shrubs　and　flowers；　immediately　within　the　reach　of　the　citizens。　　All　that　art　and　energy　can　do　will　be　done；　and　the　Central　Park　doubtless　will　become　one　of　the　great　glories　of　New　York。　　When　I　was　expected　to　declare　that　St。　James's　Park；　Green　Park；　Hyde　Park；　and　Kensington　Gardens　altogether　were　nothing　to　it；　I　confess　that　I　could　only　remain　mute。　Those　who　desire　to　learn　what　are　the　secrets　of　society　in　New　York；　I　would　refer　to　the　Potiphar　Papers。　　The　Potiphar　Papers　are　perhaps　not　as　well　known　in　England　as　they　deserve　to　be。　They　were　published；　I　think；　as　much　as　seven　or　eight　years　ago；　but　are　probably　as　true　now　as　they　were　then。　　What　I　saw　of　society　in　New　York　was　quiet　and　pleasant　enough；　but　doubtless　I　did　not　climb　into　that　circle　in　which　Mrs。　Potiphar　held　so　distinguished　a　position。　　It　may　be　true　that　gentlemen　habitually　throw　fragments　of　their　supper　and　remnants　of　their　wine　on　to　their　host's　carpets；　but　if　so　I　did　not　see　it。　As　I　progress　in　my　work　I　feel　that　duty　will　call　upon　me　to　write　a　separate　chapter　on　hotels　in　general；　and　I　will　not；　therefore；　here　say　much　about　those　in　New　York。　　I　am　inclined　to　think　that　few　towns　in　the　world；　if　any；　afford　on　the　whole　better　accommodation；　but　there　are　many　in　which　the　accommodation　is　cheaper。　　Of　the　railways　also　I　ought　to　say　something。　　The　fact　respecting　them；　which　is　most　remarkable；　is　that　of　their　being　continued　into　the　center　of　the　town　through　the　streets。　The　cars　are　not　dragged　through　the　city　by　locomotive　engines；　but　by　horses；　the　pace　therefore　is　slow；　but　the　convenience　to　travelers　in　being　brought　nearer　to　the　center　of　trade　must　be　much　felt。　　It　is　as　though　passengers　from　Liverpool　and　passengers　from　Bristol　were　carried　on　from　Euston　Square　and　Paddington　along　the　New　Road；　Portland　Place；　and　Regent　Street　to　Pall　Mall；　or　up　the　City　Road　to　the　Bank。　　As　a　general　rule；　however；　the　railways；　railway　cars；　and　all　about　them　are　ill　managed。　　They　are　monopolies；　and　the　public；　through　the　press；　has　no　restraining　power　upon　them　as　it　has　in　England。　　A　parcel　sent　by　express　over　a　distance　of　forty　miles　will　not　be　delivered　within　twenty…four　hours。　　I　once　made　my　plaint　on　this　subject　at　the　bar　or　office　of　a　hotel；　and　was　told　that　no　remonstrance　was　of　avail。　　〃It　is　a　monopoly；〃　the　man　told　me；　〃and　if　we　say　anything；　we　are　told　that　if　we　do　not　like　it　we　need　not　use　it。〃　　In　railway　matters　and　postal　matters　time　and　punctuality　are　not　valued　in　the　States　as　they　are　with　us；　and　the　public　seem　to　acknowledge　that　they　must　put　up　with　defects　that　they　must　grin　and　bear　them　in　America；　as　the　public　no　doubt　do　in　Austria；　where　such　affairs　are　managed　by　a　government　bureau。　In　the　beginning　of　this　chapter　I　spoke　of　the　population　of　New　York；　and　I　cannot　end　it　without　remarking　that　out　of　that　population　more　than　one…eighth　is　composed　of　Germans。　　It　is；　I　believe；　computed　that　there　are　about　120；000　Germans　in　the　city；　and　that　only　two　other　German　cities　in　the　world；　Vienna　and　Berlin　have　a　larger　German　population　than　New　York。　　The　Germans　are　good　citizens　and　thriving　men；　and　are　to　be　found　prospering　all　over　the　Northern　and　Western　parts　of　the　Union。　　It　seems　that　they　are　excellently　well　adapted　to　colonization；　though　they　have　in　no　instance　become　the　dominant　people　in　a　colony；　or　carried　with　them　their　own　language　or　their　own　laws。　　The　French　have　done　so　in　Algeria；　in　some　of　the　West　India　islands；　and　quite　as　essentially　into　Lower　Canada；　where　their　language　and　laws　still　prevail。　　And　yet　it　is；　I　think；　beyond　doubt　that　the　French　are　not　good　colonists；　as　are　the　Germans。　Of　the　ultimate　destiny　of　New　York　as　one　of　the　ruling　commercial　cities　of　the　world；　it　is；　I　think；　impossible　to　doubt。　　Whether　or　no　it　will　ever　equal　London　in　population　I　will　not　pretend　to　say；　even　should　it　do　so；　should　its　numbers　so　increase　as　to　enable　it　to　say　that　it　had　done　so；　the　question　could　not　very　well　be　settled。　　When　it　comes　to　pass　that　an　assemblage　of　men　in　one　so…called　city　have　to　be　counted　by　millions；　there　arises　the　impossibility　of　defining　the　limits　of　that　city；　and　of　saying　who　belong　to　it　and　who　do　not。　　An　arbitrary　line　may　be　drawn；　but　that　arbitrary　line；　though　perhaps　false　when　drawn　as　including　too　much；　soon　becomes　more　false　as　including　too　little。　　Ealing；　Acton；　Fulham；　Putney；　Norwood；　Sydenham；　Blackheath；　Woolwich；　Greenwich；　Stratford；　Highgate；　and　Hampstead　are；　in　truth；　component　parts　of　London；　and　very　shortly　Brighton　will　be　as　much　so。

CHAPTER　XV。　THE　CONSTITUTION　OF　THE　STATE　OF　NEW　YORK。

As　New　York　is　the　most　populous　State　of　the　Union；　having　the　largest　representation　in　Congresson　which　account　it　has　been　called　the　Empire　StateI　propose　to　state；　as　shortly　as　may　be；　the　nature　of　its　separate　constitution　as　a　State。　　Of　course　it　will　be　understood　that　the　constitutions　of　the　different　States　are　by　no　means　the　same。　　They　have　been　arranged　according　to　the　judgment　of　the　different　people　concerned；　and　have　been　altered　from　time　to　time　to　suit　such　altered　judgment。　　But　as　the　States　together　form　one　nation；　and　on　such　matters　as　foreign　affairs；　war；　customs；　and　post…office　regulations；　are　bound　together　as　much　as　are　the　English　counties；　it　is；　of　course；　necessary　that　the　constitution　of　each　should　in　most　matters　assimilate　itself　to　those　of　the　others。　　These　constitutions　are　very　much　alike。　A　Governor；　with　two　houses　of　legislature；　generally　called　the　Senate　and　the　House　of　Representatives；　exists　in　each　State。　　In　the　State　of　New　York　the　Lower　House　is　called　the　Assembly。　　In　most　States　the　Governor　is　elected　annually；　but　in　some　States　for　two　years；　as　in　New　York。　　In　Pennsylvania　he　is　elected　for　three　years。　　The　House　of　Representatives　or　the　Assembly　is；　I　think；　always　elected　for　one　session　only；　but　as　in　many　of　the　States　the　legislature　only　sits　once　in　two　years；　the　election　recurs　of　course　at　the　same　interval。　　The　franchise　in　all　the　States　is　nearly　universal；　but　in　no　State　is　it　perfectly　so。　The　Governor；　Lieutenant…Governor；　and　other　officers　are　elected　by　vote　of　the　people；　as　well　as　the　members　of　the　legislature。　Of　course　it　will　be　understood　that　each　State　makes　laws　for　itselfthat　they　are　in　nowise　dependent　on　the　Congress　assembled　at　Washington　for　their　lawsunless　for　laws　which　refer　to　matters　between　the　United　States　as　a　nation　and　other　nations；　or　between　one　State　and　another。　　Each　State　declares　with　what　punishment　crimes　shall　be　visited；　what　taxes　shall　be　levied　for　the　use　of　the　State；　what　laws　shall　be　passed　as　to　education；　what　shall　be　the　State　judiciary。　　With　reference　to　the　judiciary；　however；　it　must　be　understood　that　the　United　States　as　a　nation　have　separate　national　law　courts；　before　which　come　all　cases　litigated　between　State　and　State；　and　all　cases　which　do　not　belong　in　every　respect　to　any　one　individual　State。　　In　a　subsequent　chapter　I　will　endeavor　to　explain　this　more　fully。　　In　endeavoring　to　understand　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States；　it　is　essentially　necessary　that　we　should　remember　that　we　have　always　to　deal　with　two　different　political　arrangementsthat　which　refers　to　the　nation　as　a　whole；　and　that　which　belongs　to　each　State　as　a　separate　governing　power　in　itself。　　What　is　law　in　one　State　is　not　law　in　another；　nevertheless　there　is　a　very　great　likeness　throughout　these　various　constitutions；　and　any　political　student　who　shall　have　thoroughly　mastered　one；　will　not　have　much　to　learn　in　mastering　the　others。　This　State；　now　called　New　York；　was　first　settled　by　the　Dutch　in　1614；　on　Manhattan　Island。　　They　established　a　government　in　1629；　under　the　name　of　the　New　Netherlands。　　In　1664　Charles　II。　granted　the　province　to　his　brother；　James　II。；　then　Duke　of　York；　and　possession　was　taken　of　the　country　on　his　behalf　by　one　Colonel　Nichols。　　In　1673　it　was　recaptured　by　the　Dutch；　but　they　could　not　hold　it；　and　the　Duke　of　York　again　took　possession　by　patent。　A　legislative　body　was　first　assembled　during　the　reign　of　Charles　II。；　in　1683；　from　which　it　will　be　seen　that　parliamentary　representation　was　introduced　into　the　American　colonies　at　a　very　early　date。　　The　Declaration　of　Independence　was　made　by　the　revolted　co