north america-1-第30节
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n America depends almost entirely on population。 The census of 1860 gave the following results：
In the North： Maine 619；000 New Hampshire 326；872 Vermont 325；827 Massachusetts 1；231；494 Rhode Island 174；621 Connecticut 460；670 New York 3；851；563 Pennsylvania 2；916；018 New Jersey 676；034 Total 10；582；099
In the South； the population of which must be divided into free and slave：
Free。 Slave。 Total。 Texas 415；999 184；956 600；955 Louisiana 354；245 312；186 666；431 Arkansas 331；710 109；065 440；775 Mississippi 407；051 479；607 886；658 Alabama 520；444 435；473 955；917 Florida 81；885 63；809 145；694 Georgia 615；366 467；461 1；082；827 South Carolina 308；186 407；185 715；371 North Carolina 679；965 328；377 1；008；342 Tennessee 859；578 287；112 1；146；690 … … … Total 4；574；429 3；075；231 7；649；660
in the doubtful States：
Free。 Slave。 Total。 Maryland 646；183 85；382 731；565 Delaware 110；548 1；805 112；353 Virginia 1；097；373 495；826 1；593；199 Kentucky 920；077 225；490 1；145；567 … … … Total 2；774；181 808；503 3；582；684
In the West： Ohio 2；377；917 Indiana 1；350；802 Illinois 1；691；238 Michigan 754；291 Wisconsin 763；485 Minnesota 172；796 Iowa 682；002 Kansas 143；645 Missouri 1；204；214* … Total 9；140；390
* Of which number； in Missouri； 115；619 are slaves。
To these must be added； to make up the population of the United States as it stood in 1860；
The separate District of Columbia； in which is included Washington； the seat of the Federal Government 75；321 California 384；770 Oregon 52；566 The Territories of Dacotah 4；839 Nebraska 28；892 Washington 11；624 Utah 49；000 New Mexico 98；024 Colorado 34；197 Nevada 6；857 … Total 741；090
And thus the total population may be given as follows：
North 10；582；099 South 7；649；660 Doubtful 3；582；684 West 9；140；390 Outlying States and Territories 741；090 Total 31；695；923
Each of the three interests would consider itself wronged by the division above made； but the South would probably be the loudest in asserting its grievance。 The South claims all the slave States； and would point to secession in Virginia to justify such claim； and would point also to Maryland and Baltimore； declaring that secession would be as strong there as at New Orleans； if secession were practicable。 Maryland and Baltimore lie behind Washington； and are under the heels of the Northern troops； so that secession is not practicable； but the South would say that they have seceded in heart。 In this the South would have some show of reason for its assertion； but nevertheless I shall best convey a true idea of the position of these States by classing them as doubtful。 When secession shall have been accomplishedif ever it be accomplished it will hardly be possible that they should adhere to the South。 It will be seen by the foregoing tables that the population of the West is nearly equal to that of the North； and that therefore Western power is almost as great as Northern。 It is almost as great already； and as population in the West increases faster than it does in the North； the two will soon be equalized。 They are already sufficiently on a par to enable them to fight on equal terms； and they will be prepared for fightingpolitical fighting； if no otheras soon as they have established their supremacy over a common enemy。 While I am on the subject of population I should explainthough the point is not one which concerns the present argumentthat the numbers given； as they regard the South； include both the whites and the blacks； the free men and the slaves。 The political power of the South is of course in the hands of the white race only； and the total white population should therefore be taken as the number indicating the Southern power。 The political power of the South； however； as contrasted with that of the North； has； since the commencement of the Union； been much increased by the slave population。 The slaves have been taken into account in determining the number of representatives which should be sent to Congress by each State。 That number depends on the population but it was decided in l787 that in counting up the number of representatives to which each State should be held to be entitled； five slaves should represent three white men。 A Southern population； therefore； of five thousand free men and five thousand slaves would claim as many representatives as a Northern population of eight thousand free men； although the voting would be confined to the free population。 This has ever since been the law of the United States。 The Western power is nearly equal to that of the North； and this fact； somewhat exaggerated in terms； is a frequent boast in the mouths of Western men。 〃We ran Fremont for President；〃 they say； 〃and had it not been for Northern men with Southern principles； we should have put him in the White House instead of the traitor Buchanan。 If that had been done there would have been no secession。〃 How things might have gone had Fremont been elected in lieu of Buchanan； I will not pretend to say； but the nature of the argument shows the difference that exists between Northern and Western feeling。 At the time that I was in the West； General Fremont was the great topic of public interest。 Every newspaper was discussing his conduct； his ability as a soldier； his energy； and his fate。 At that time General McClellan was in command at Washington on the Potomac； it being understood that he held his power directly under the President； free from the exercise of control on the part of the veteran General Scott； though at that time General Scott had not actually resigned his position as head of the army。 And General Fremont； who some five years before had been 〃run〃 for President by the Western States； held another command of nearly equal independence in Missouri。 He had been put over General Lyon in the Western command； and directly after this General Lyon had fallen in battle at Springfield； in the first action in which the opposing armies were engaged in the West。 General Fremont at once proceeded to carry matters with a very high hand； On the 30th of August； 1861； he issued a proclamation by which he declared martial law at St。 Louis； the city at which he held his headquarters； and indeed throughout the State of Missouri generally。 In this proclamation he declared his intention of exercising a severity beyond that ever threatened； as I believe； in modern warfare。 He defines the region presumed to be held by his army of occupation； drawing his lines across the State； and then declares 〃that all persons who shall be taken with arms in their hands within those lines shall be tried by court…martial； and if found guilty will be shot。〃 He then goes on to say that he will confiscate all the property of persons in the State who shall have taken up arms against the Union； or shall have taken part with the enemies of the Union； and that he will make free all slaves belonging to such persons。 This proclamation was not approved at Washington； and was modified by the order of the President。 It was understood also that he issued orders for military expenditure which were not recognized at Washington； and men began to understand that the army in the West was gradually assuming that irresponsible military position which； in disturbed countries and in times of civil war； has so frequently resulted in a military dictatorship。 Then there arose a clamor for the removal of General Fremont。 A semi…official account of his proceedings； which had reached Washington from an officer under his command； was made public； and also the correspondence which took place on the subject between the President and General Fremont's wife。 The officer in question was thereupon placed under arrest； but immediately released by orders from Washington。 He then made official complaint of his general； sending forward a list of charges； in which Fremont was accused of rashness； incompetency； want of fidelity of the interests of the government； and disobedience to orders from headquarters。 After awhile the Secretary of War himself proceeded from Washington to the quarters of General Fremont at St。 Louis； and remained there for a day or two making； or pretending to make； inquiry into the matter。 But when he returned he left the General still in command。 During the whole month of October the papers were occupied
