the army of the cumberland-第26节

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the　gallop；　hurrying　troops　into　position；　massing　the　artillery　and　forming　his　new　lines　on　grounds　of　his　own　choosing；　confident　of　ultimate　success；　and　showing　his　troops　that　he　had　all　confidence　in　them；　it　was　worth　months　of　ordinary　life…time　to　have　been　with　Rosecrans　when　by　his　own　unconquered　spirit　he　plucked　victory　from　defeat　and　glory　from　disaster。

But　if　the　plan　was　not　at　fault；　what　was？　　Rosecrans　started　from　Nashville　for　an　offensive　campaign；　and　before　his　plan　of　battle　had　met　the　test；　he　was　compelled　to　abandon　it；　and　assume　the　defensive。　　Where　was　the　fault　and　who　was　to　blame？　　The　fault　was　McCook's　defective　line；　and　in　part　Rosecrans　was　responsible　for　it。　　He　ought　never　to　have　trusted　the　formation　of　a　line　of　battle　so　important　to　the　safety　of　his　whole　army　to　McCook　alone；　and　he　certainly　knew　this。　　Rosecrans　gave　his　personal　attention　to　the　left；　but　he　should　at　least　have　ordered　the　change　his　quick　eye　had　detected　as　necessary　in　McCook's　line；　and　not　trusted　to　chance　and　McCook's　ability　to　withstand　the　attack　with　his　faulty　line。　　No　one　who　saw　him　at　Stone's　River　the　31st　of　December　will　say　aught　against　the　personal　bravery　and　courage　of　McCook　under　fire。　　All　that　he　could　do　to　aid　in　repairing　the　great　disaster　of　that　day　he　did　to　the　best　of　his　ability。　　He　stayed　with　Davis's　division　under　fire　as　long　as　it　held　together；　and　then　gave　personal　directions　to　Sheridan's　troops；　in　the　gallant　fight　they　made　against　overwhelming　odds。　As　Rosecrans　himself　says　in　his　official　report　of　McCook；　〃a　tried；　faithful；　and　loyal　soldier；　who　bravely　breasted　the　battle　at　Shiloh　and　Perryville；　and　as　bravely　on　the　bloody　field　of　Stone's　River。〃　　But　there　is　something　more　than　mere　physical　bravery　required　in　a　general　officer　in　command　of　as　large　a　body　of　troops　as　a　corps　d'armee。　　As　an　instructor　at　West　Point；　McCook　maintained　a　high　rank。　　As　a　brigade　and　division　commander　under　Buell；　there　was　none　his　superior　in　the　care　and　attention　he　gave　his　troops　on　the　march；　in　camp；　or　on　the　drill…ground。　His　division　at　Shiloh　as　it　marched　to　the　front　on　the　second　day　did　him　full　credit；　and　in　his　handling　of　it　on　that　field　he　did　credit　to　it　and　to　himself。　　What　McCook　lacked　was　the　ability　to　handle　large　bodies　of　troops　independently　of　a　superior　officer　to　give　him　commands。　　This　was　his　experience　at　Perryville；　and　it　was　repeated　at　Stone's　River。　　With　the　known　results　of　Perryville；　McCook　ought　never　to　have　been　placed　in　command　of　the　〃right　wing。〃　　Rosecrans　at　Stone's　River；　of　necessity　was　on　the　left；　and　being　there　he　should　have　had　a　general　in　command　of　the　right　with　greater　military　capacity　than　McCook。　　Rosecrans's　confidence　was　so　slight　in　his　commander　of　the　left　that　he　felt　his　own　presence　was　needed　there　in　the　movement　of　the　troops　in　that　part　of　the　plan　of　battle。

Rosecrans　in　his　report　repeatedly　speaks　of　〃the　faulty　line　of　McCook's　formation　on　the　right。〃　　But　he　knew　this　on　the　30th；　and　told　McCook　that　it　was　improperly　placed。　　McCook　did　not　think　so。　　Rosecrans　told　him　that　it　faced　too　much　to　the　east　and　not　enough　to　the　south；　that　it　was　too　weak　and　long；　and　was　liable　to　be　flanked。　　Knowing　all　this　and　knowing　McCook's　pride　of　opinion；　for　McCook　told　him　he　〃did　not　see　how　he　could　make　a　better　line；〃　or　a　〃better　disposition　of　my　troops；〃　it　was　the　plain　duty　of　Rosecrans　to　reform　the　line；　to　conform　to　what　it　should　be　in　his　judgment。　　The　order　to　McCook　to　build　camp　fires　for　a　mile　beyond　his　right　was　another　factor　that　brought　about　the　combination　that　broke　the　line　on　the　right。　Rosecrans　was　correct　in　his　conception　of　this；　in　order　to　mislead　Bragg　and　cause　him　to　strengthen　his　left　at　the　expense　of　his　right。　　Had　Bragg　awaited　Rosecrans's　attack；　this　building　of　fires　was　correctif　it　took　troops　away　from　the　right　to　reinforce　the　left；　but　this　it　did　not　do。　　Bragg　moved　McCown　and　Cleburne's　divisions　from　his　right　to　his　left　on　Tuesday；　but　after　this　Bragg　brought　none　of　his　forces　across　the　river　until　Wednesday　afternoon。　　The　building　of　the　fires　caused　Bragg　to　prolong　his　lines；　lengthening　them　to　the　extent　that　before　Hardee　struck　Kirk's　and　Willich's　brigades；　he　thought　our　line　extended　a　division　front　to　their　right。　　Finding　this　not　to　be　the　case；　he　whirled　his　left　with　all　the　force　of　double　numbers　on　to　the　right　of　McCook。　　The　rebels　then　swinging　around　found　themselves　in　the　rear　of　Johnson's　division　before　they　struck　any　troops　on　their　front。　　Of　course　it　is　mere　guess…work　to　say　just　what　the　outcome　might　have　been　　of　any　other　formation　of　the　line；　but　it　is　safe　to　say　that　had　the　left　instead　of　the　centre　of　Hardee　struck　the　right　of　McCook；　there　would　have　been　a　better　chance　for　the　troops　on　the　extreme　right　of　his　line　to　have　shown　the　spirit　that　was　in　them；　before　they　were　overpowered　by　mere　superiority　of　numbers。

Then　there　were　some　minor　mistakes　that　aided　in　a　great　degree　the　bringing　about　of　that　mishap　which　imperiled　the　safety　of　the　entire　army。　　Even　granting　that　Johnson　was　not　in　any　way　responsible　for　the　position　occupied　by　his　troops　on　the　front　line　of　battle；　still　it　is　hard　to　find　any　excuse　or　even　explanation　for　a　general　officer　in　command　of　a　division　who；　knowing　the　enemy　were　in　force　on　his　front；　and　intending　to　attack　his　command　at　daylight　the　next　morning；　would　place　his　headquarters　a　mile　and　a　half　in　the　rear。　　This　too；　when　he　knew　that　the　post　of　honor　and　responsibility　for　the　safety　of　the　entire　army　had　been　committed　to　his　keeping。　　What　then　shall　be　said　for　him　when　it　appears　by　the　report　of　the　commanding　officer　of　his　reserve　brigade　that　when　it　returned　from　the　support　of　a　cavalry　reconnoissance；　the　general　commanding　the　division　ordered　this　brigade；　on　the　eve　of　the　battle；　to　take　position　in　the　woods；　〃near　the　headquarters　of　the　division；〃　instead　of　in　supporting　distance　of　the　front　line？　　He　could　not　have　thought　that　the　division　headquarters　needed　the　support　of　the　reserve　more　than　the　line　of　battle。　　It　is　safe　to　say　that　had　the　line　of　Johnson's　division　been　properly　formed；　so　as　to　give　the　most　strength　to　the　commandshort　and　well　centered；　with　a　good　brigade　like　that　of　Baldwin's　in　reserve；　with　all　officers　in　their　placesthese　troops　would　have　given　a　very　different　account　of　themselves　when　the　blow　struck　the　right。　　There　was　no　commanding　officer　in　the　front　with　Johnson's　division；　of　greater　command　than　a　regimentsave　General　Kirk。　　The　troops　of　Willich's　brigade　on　the　right　flank　refused　to　come　to　his　assistance；　because　there　was　no　one　there　to　give　them　orders。　　Johnson　says　in　his　official　report　that　〃In　consultation　with　Major…General　McCook；　late　in　the　afternoon　of　December　30th；　he　informed　me　that　he　had　reliable　information　to　the　effect　that　the　centre　of　the　rebel　line　of　battle　was　opposite　our　extreme　right；　and　that　we　would　probably　be　attacked　by　the　entire　rebel　army　early　on　the　following　morning。〃　　Johnson　then　coolly　adds：　　〃His　prediction　proved　true。〃　　Yet　with　these　facts　staring　them　in　the　face；　McCook　and　Johnson　made　no　other　efforts　to　strengthen　the　right　of　the　line；　and　Johnson；　on　the　arrival　of　his　reserve　brigade　later；　posted　it　in　the　woods　a　mile　and　a　half　from　his　front　〃near　his　headquarters。〃　　General　Kirk　was　mortally　wounded　in　the　attack　on　his　command；　but　lived　long　enough　after　the　battle　to　make　a　report　of　the　part　taken　in　the　engagement　by　his　brigade。　　He　states　in　his　report；　that　he　suggested　to　Johnson　to　send　his　reserve　brigade　to　support　the　main　lines；　and　that　Johnson　declined　to　do　so。

The　location　of　Johnson's　headquarters；　and　Johnson　being　there；　makes　him　responsible　for　the　capture　of　Willich；　and　the　breaking　up　of　that　brigade。　　Willich　had　been　on　the　line　for　an　hour　before　daylight　with　his　brigade　under　arms；　and　from　what　he　heard　of　the　movements　of　the　enemy　to　his　front；　he　was　satisfied　that　a　change　should　be　made　in　the　position　of　his　division；　and　started　to　Johnson's　headquarters　to　communicate　with　him。　　Before　he　could　return　to　his　troops；　the　enemy　was　upon　them；　and　drove　them　from　the　position　they　held；　without　their　making　a　stand。　　Being　without　either　division　or　brigade　commander；　they　drifted　to　the　rear。　　Willich　had　a　horse　shot　under　him；　and　was　captured　without　giving　an　order；　before　he　reached　his　command。

When　the　artillery　was　posted　in　line　of　battle　on　the　30th；　roads　were　cut　through　the　cedars　to　allow　the　batteries　to　reach　the　front　line。　　The　heavy　loss　of　guns；　reported　by　Rosecrans；　was　occasioned　by　these　batteries　being　unable　to　reach　the　roads　through　the　cedar　thickets　in　the　retreat；　and　in　many　instances　guns　were　abandoned　in　the　woods；　through　which　it　was　impossible　to　haul　them。

Bragg　alleges　in　his　official　report　that　our　troops　were　surprised；　and　cites　the　fact　that　his　men　passed　through　the　camps　where　breakfast　was　being　prepared。　　He　was　right　as　to　this　fact；　but　wrong　about　his　deduction。