Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > a history of science-2 >

µÚ19½Ú

a history of science-2-µÚ19½Ú

С˵£º a history of science-2 ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



tly¡¡with¡¡water£»¡¡partly¡¡with¡¡air£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡our¡¡agreement£»¡¡for¡¡that¡¡was¡¡that¡¡bodies¡¡should¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡part¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡¡¨I¡¡will¡¡not¡¡omit¡¡another¡¡reason£»¡¡founded¡¡also¡¡upon¡¡experience£»¡¡and£»¡¡if¡¡I¡¡deceive¡¡not¡¡myself£»¡¡conclusive¡¡against¡¡the¡¡notion¡¡that¡¡figure£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water¡¡to¡¡penetration£»¡¡have¡¡anything¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡the¡¡buoyancy¡¡of¡¡bodies¡£¡¡Choose¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡or¡¡other¡¡matter£»¡¡as£»¡¡for¡¡instance£»¡¡walnut¡­wood£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡a¡¡ball¡¡rises¡¡from¡¡the¡¡bottom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡more¡¡slowly¡¡than¡¡a¡¡ball¡¡of¡¡ebony¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡size¡¡sinks£»¡¡so¡¡that£»¡¡clearly£»¡¡the¡¡ball¡¡of¡¡ebony¡¡divides¡¡the¡¡water¡¡more¡¡readily¡¡in¡¡sinking¡¡than¡¡the¡¡ball¡¡of¡¡wood¡¡does¡¡in¡¡rising¡£¡¡Then¡¡take¡¡a¡¡board¡¡of¡¡walnut¡­tree¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡and¡¡like¡¡the¡¡floating¡¡one¡¡of¡¡my¡¡antagonists£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡it¡¡be¡¡true¡¡that¡¡this¡¡latter¡¡floats¡¡by¡¡reason¡¡of¡¡the¡¡figure¡¡being¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡penetrate¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡of¡¡walnut¡­tree£»¡¡without¡¡a¡¡question£»¡¡if¡¡thrust¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom£»¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡stay¡¡there£»¡¡as¡¡having¡¡the¡¡same¡¡impeding¡¡figure£»¡¡and¡¡being¡¡less¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡overcome¡¡the¡¡said¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water¡£¡¡But¡¡if¡¡we¡¡find¡¡by¡¡experience¡¡that¡¡not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡thin¡¡board£»¡¡but¡¡every¡¡other¡¡figure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡walnut¡­tree£»¡¡will¡¡return¡¡to¡¡float£»¡¡as¡¡unquestionably¡¡we¡¡shall£»¡¡then¡¡I¡¡must¡¡desire¡¡my¡¡opponents¡¡to¡¡forbear¡¡to¡¡attribute¡¡the¡¡floating¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ebony¡¡to¡¡the¡¡figure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡board£»¡¡since¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡in¡¡rising¡¡as¡¡in¡¡sinking£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡ascension¡¡of¡¡the¡¡walnut¡­tree¡¡is¡¡less¡¡than¡¡the¡¡ebony's¡¡force¡¡for¡¡going¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom¡£¡¡¡¨Now¡¡let¡¡us¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the¡¡thin¡¡plate¡¡of¡¡gold¡¡or¡¡silver£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡thin¡¡board¡¡of¡¡ebony£»¡¡and¡¡let¡¡us¡¡lay¡¡it¡¡lightly¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡it¡¡may¡¡stay¡¡there¡¡without¡¡sinking£»¡¡and¡¡carefully¡¡observe¡¡the¡¡effect¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡appear¡¡clearly¡¡that¡¡the¡¡plates¡¡are¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡matter¡¡lower¡¡than¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡which¡¡rises¡¡up¡¡and¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡rampart¡¡round¡¡them¡¡on¡¡every¡¡side¡£¡¡But¡¡if¡¡it¡¡has¡¡already¡¡penetrated¡¡and¡¡overcome¡¡the¡¡continuity¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡nature¡¡heavier¡¡than¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡why¡¡does¡¡it¡¡not¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡sink£»¡¡but¡¡stop¡¡and¡¡suspend¡¡itself¡¡in¡¡that¡¡little¡¡dimple¡¡that¡¡its¡¡weight¡¡has¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡water£¿¡¡My¡¡answer¡¡is£»¡¡because¡¡in¡¡sinking¡¡till¡¡its¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡below¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡which¡¡rises¡¡up¡¡in¡¡a¡¡bank¡¡round¡¡it£»¡¡it¡¡draws¡¡after¡¡and¡¡carries¡¡along¡¡with¡¡it¡¡the¡¡air¡¡above¡¡it£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡that¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡descends¡¡in¡¡the¡¡water¡¡is¡¡not¡¡only¡¡the¡¡board¡¡of¡¡ebony¡¡or¡¡the¡¡plate¡¡of¡¡iron£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡compound¡¡of¡¡ebony¡¡and¡¡air£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡composition¡¡results¡¡a¡¡solid¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡specifically¡¡heavier¡¡than¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡the¡¡ebony¡¡or¡¡gold¡¡alone¡£¡¡But£»¡¡gentlemen£»¡¡we¡¡want¡¡the¡¡same¡¡matter£»¡¡you¡¡are¡¡to¡¡alter¡¡nothing¡¡but¡¡the¡¡shape£»¡¡and£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡have¡¡the¡¡goodness¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡this¡¡air£»¡¡which¡¡may¡¡be¡¡done¡¡simply¡¡by¡¡washing¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡board£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡water¡¡having¡¡once¡¡got¡¡between¡¡the¡¡board¡¡and¡¡the¡¡air¡¡will¡¡run¡¡together£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡ebony¡¡will¡¡go¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not£»¡¡you¡¡have¡¡won¡¡the¡¡day¡£¡¡¡¨But¡¡methinks¡¡I¡¡hear¡¡some¡¡of¡¡my¡¡antagonists¡¡cunningly¡¡opposing¡¡this£»¡¡and¡¡telling¡¡me¡¡that¡¡they¡¡will¡¡not¡¡on¡¡any¡¡account¡¡allow¡¡their¡¡boards¡¡to¡¡be¡¡wetted£»¡¡because¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water¡¡so¡¡added£»¡¡by¡¡making¡¡it¡¡heavier¡¡than¡¡it¡¡was¡¡before£»¡¡draws¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡addition¡¡of¡¡new¡¡weight¡¡is¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡our¡¡agreement£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡that¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡same¡£¡¡¡¨To¡¡this¡¡I¡¡answer£»¡¡first£»¡¡that¡¡nobody¡¡can¡¡suppose¡¡bodies¡¡to¡¡be¡¡put¡¡into¡¡the¡¡water¡¡without¡¡their¡¡being¡¡wet£»¡¡nor¡¡do¡¡I¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡do¡¡more¡¡to¡¡the¡¡board¡¡than¡¡you¡¡may¡¡do¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ball¡£¡¡Moreover£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡true¡¡that¡¡the¡¡board¡¡sinks¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water¡¡added¡¡in¡¡the¡¡washing£»¡¡for¡¡I¡¡will¡¡put¡¡ten¡¡or¡¡twenty¡¡drops¡¡on¡¡the¡¡floating¡¡board£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡they¡¡stand¡¡separate¡¡it¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡sink£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡the¡¡board¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡out¡¡and¡¡all¡¡that¡¡water¡¡wiped¡¡off£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡surface¡¡bathed¡¡with¡¡one¡¡single¡¡drop£»¡¡and¡¡put¡¡it¡¡again¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡question¡¡but¡¡it¡¡will¡¡sink£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡water¡¡running¡¡to¡¡cover¡¡it£»¡¡being¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡hindered¡¡by¡¡the¡¡air¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡next¡¡place£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡altogether¡¡false¡¡that¡¡water¡¡can¡¡in¡¡any¡¡way¡¡increase¡¡the¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡bodies¡¡immersed¡¡in¡¡it£»¡¡for¡¡water¡¡has¡¡no¡¡weight¡¡in¡¡water£»¡¡since¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡sink¡£¡¡Now¡¡just¡¡as¡¡he¡¡who¡¡should¡¡say¡¡that¡¡brass¡¡by¡¡its¡¡own¡¡nature¡¡sinks£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡when¡¡formed¡¡into¡¡the¡¡shape¡¡of¡¡a¡¡kettle¡¡it¡¡acquires¡¡from¡¡that¡¡figure¡¡the¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡lying¡¡in¡¡water¡¡without¡¡sinking£»¡¡would¡¡say¡¡what¡¡is¡¡false£»¡¡because¡¡that¡¡is¡¡not¡¡purely¡¡brass¡¡which¡¡then¡¡is¡¡put¡¡into¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡compound¡¡of¡¡brass¡¡and¡¡air£»¡¡so¡¡is¡¡it¡¡neither¡¡more¡¡nor¡¡less¡¡false¡¡that¡¡a¡¡thin¡¡plate¡¡of¡¡brass¡¡or¡¡ebony¡¡swims¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡its¡¡dilated¡¡and¡¡broad¡¡figure¡£¡¡Also£»¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡omit¡¡to¡¡tell¡¡my¡¡opponents¡¡that¡¡this¡¡conceit¡¡of¡¡refusing¡¡to¡¡bathe¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡board¡¡might¡¡beget¡¡an¡¡opinion¡¡in¡¡a¡¡third¡¡person¡¡of¡¡a¡¡poverty¡¡of¡¡argument¡¡on¡¡their¡¡side£»¡¡especially¡¡as¡¡the¡¡conversation¡¡began¡¡about¡¡flakes¡¡of¡¡ice£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡simple¡¡to¡¡require¡¡that¡¡the¡¡surfaces¡¡should¡¡be¡¡kept¡¡dry£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡mention¡¡that¡¡such¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡ice£»¡¡whether¡¡wet¡¡or¡¡dry£»¡¡always¡¡float£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡my¡¡antagonists¡¡say£»¡¡because¡¡of¡¡their¡¡shape¡£¡¡¡¨Some¡¡may¡¡wonder¡¡that¡¡I¡¡affirm¡¡this¡¡power¡¡to¡¡be¡¡in¡¡the¡¡air¡¡of¡¡keeping¡¡plate¡¡of¡¡brass¡¡or¡¡silver¡¡above¡¡water£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡in¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡sense¡¡I¡¡would¡¡attribute¡¡to¡¡the¡¡air¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡magnetic¡¡virtue¡¡for¡¡sustaining¡¡heavy¡¡bodies¡¡with¡¡which¡¡it¡¡is¡¡in¡¡contact¡£¡¡To¡¡satisfy¡¡all¡¡these¡¡doubts¡¡I¡¡have¡¡contrived¡¡the¡¡following¡¡experiment¡¡to¡¡demonstrate¡¡how¡¡truly¡¡the¡¡air¡¡does¡¡support¡¡these¡¡bodies£»¡¡for¡¡I¡¡have¡¡found£»¡¡when¡¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡bodies¡¡which¡¡floats¡¡when¡¡placed¡¡lightly¡¡on¡¡the¡¡water¡¡is¡¡thoroughly¡¡bathed¡¡and¡¡sunk¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom£»¡¡that¡¡by¡¡carrying¡¡down¡¡to¡¡it¡¡a¡¡little¡¡air¡¡without¡¡otherwise¡¡touching¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡least£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡able¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡and¡¡carry¡¡it¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡top£»¡¡where¡¡it¡¡floats¡¡as¡¡before¡£¡¡To¡¡this¡¡effect£»¡¡I¡¡take¡¡a¡¡ball¡¡of¡¡wax£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡a¡¡little¡¡lead¡¡make¡¡it¡¡just¡¡heavy¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡sink¡¡very¡¡slowly¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom£»¡¡taking¡¡care¡¡that¡¡its¡¡surface¡¡be¡¡quite¡¡smooth¡¡and¡¡even¡£¡¡This£»¡¡if¡¡put¡¡gently¡¡into¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡submerges¡¡almost¡¡entirely£»¡¡there¡¡remaining¡¡visible¡¡only¡¡a¡¡little¡¡of¡¡the¡¡very¡¡top£»¡¡which£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡joined¡¡to¡¡the¡¡air£»¡¡keeps¡¡the¡¡ball¡¡afloat£»¡¡but¡¡if¡¡we¡¡take¡¡away¡¡the¡¡contact¡¡of¡¡the¡¡air¡¡by¡¡wetting¡¡this¡¡top£»¡¡the¡¡ball¡¡sinks¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bottom¡¡and¡¡remains¡¡there¡£¡¡Now¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡by¡¡virtue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡air¡¡which¡¡before¡¡sustained¡¡it£»¡¡thrust¡¡into¡¡the¡¡water¡¡a¡¡glass¡¡with¡¡the¡¡mouth¡¡downward£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡carry¡¡with¡¡it¡¡the¡¡air¡¡it¡¡contains£»¡¡and¡¡move¡¡this¡¡down¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡ball¡¡until¡¡you¡¡see£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡transparency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡glass£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡air¡¡has¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡top¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡then¡¡gently¡¡draw¡¡the¡¡glass¡¡upward£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡will¡¡see¡¡the¡¡ball¡¡rise£»¡¡and¡¡afterwards¡¡stay¡¡on¡¡the¡¡top¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡if¡¡you¡¡carefully¡¡part¡¡the¡¡glass¡¡and¡¡water¡¡without¡¡too¡¡much¡¡disturbing¡¡it¡£¡¨£§3£§¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡that¡¡Galileo£»¡¡while¡¡holding¡¡in¡¡the¡¡main¡¡to¡¡a¡¡correct¡¡thesis£»¡¡yet¡¡mingles¡¡with¡¡it¡¡some¡¡false¡¡ideas¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡very¡¡outset£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡true¡¡that¡¡water¡¡has¡¡no¡¡resistance¡¡to¡¡penetration£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true£»¡¡however£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡which¡¡Galileo¡¡uses¡¡the¡¡termthat¡¡is¡¡to¡¡say£»¡¡the¡¡resistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡water¡¡to¡¡penetration¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡determining¡¡factor¡¡ordinarily¡¡in¡¡deciding¡¡whether¡¡a¡¡body¡¡sinks¡¡or¡¡floats¡£¡¡Yet¡¡in¡¡the¡¡case¡¡of¡¡the¡¡flat¡¡body¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡altogether¡¡inappropriate¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the¡¡water¡¡resists¡¡penetration¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡supports¡¡the¡¡body¡£¡¡The¡¡modern¡¡physicist¡¡explains¡¡the¡¡phenomenon¡¡as¡¡due¡¡to¡¡surface¡­tension¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fluid¡£¡¡Of¡¡course£»¡¡Galileo's¡¡disquisition¡¡on¡¡the¡¡mixing¡¡of¡¡air¡¡with¡¡the¡¡floating¡¡body¡¡is¡¡utterly¡¡fanciful¡£¡¡His¡¡experiments¡¡were¡¡beautifully¡¡exact£»¡¡his¡¡theorizing¡¡from¡¡them¡¡was£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡instance£»¡¡altogether¡¡fallacious¡£¡¡Thus£»¡¡as¡¡already¡¡intimated£»¡¡his¡¡paper¡¡is¡¡admirably¡¡adapted¡¡to¡¡convey¡¡a¡¡double¡¡lesson¡¡to¡¡the¡¡student¡¡of¡¡science¡£

WILLIAM¡¡GILBERT¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡STUDY¡¡OF¡¡MAGNETISM¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡studies¡¡of¡¡Galileo¡¡and¡¡Stevinus¡¡were¡¡chiefly¡¡concerned¡¡with¡¡the¡¡force¡¡of¡¡gravitation¡£¡¡Meanwhile£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡an¡¡English¡¡philosopher¡¡of¡¡corresponding¡¡genius£»¡¡whose¡¡attention¡¡was¡¡directed¡¡towards¡¡investigation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡equally¡¡mysterious¡¡force¡¡of¡¡terrestrial¡¡magnetism¡£¡¡With¡¡the¡¡doubtful¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡Bacon£»¡¡Gilbert¡¡was¡¡the¡¡most¡¡distinguished¡¡man¡¡of¡¡science¡¡in¡¡England¡¡during¡¡the¡¡reign¡¡of¡¡Queen¡¡Elizabeth¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡for¡¡many¡¡years¡¡court¡¡physician£»¡¡and¡¡Queen¡¡Elizabeth¡¡ultimately¡¡settled¡¡upon¡¡him¡¡a¡¡pension¡¡that¡¡enabled¡¡him¡¡to¡¡continue¡¡his¡¡researches¡¡in¡¡pure¡¡science¡£¡¡His¡¡investigations¡¡in¡¡chemistry£»¡¡although¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡of¡¡great¡¡importance£»¡¡are¡¡mostly¡¡lost£»¡¡but¡¡his¡¡great¡¡work£»¡¡De¡¡Magnete£»¡¡on¡¡which¡¡he¡¡labored¡¡for¡¡upwards¡¡of¡¡eighteen¡¡years£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡work¡¡of¡¡sufficient¡¡importance£»¡¡as¡¡Hallam¡¡says£»¡¡¡¨to¡¡raise¡¡a¡¡lasting¡¡reputation¡¡for¡¡its¡¡author¡£¡¨¡¡From¡¡its¡¡first¡¡appearance¡¡it¡¡created¡¡a¡¡profound¡¡impression¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡learned¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡continent£»¡¡although¡¡in¡¡England¡¡Gilbert's¡¡theories¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡somewhat¡¡less¡¡favorably¡¡received¡£¡¡Galileo¡¡freely¡¡expressed¡¡his¡¡admiration¡¡for¡¡the¡¡work¡¡and¡¡its¡¡author£»¡¡Bacon£»¡¡who¡¡admired¡¡the¡¡author£»¡¡did¡¡not¡¡express¡¡the¡¡same¡¡admiration¡¡for¡¡his¡¡theories£»¡¡but¡¡Dr¡£¡¡Priestley£»¡¡later£»¡¡declared¡¡him¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¨the¡¡father¡¡of¡¡modern¡¡electricity¡£¡¨¡¡Strangely¡¡enough£»¡¡Gilbert's¡¡book¡¡had¡¡never¡¡been¡¡translated¡¡into¡¡English£»¡¡or¡¡apparently¡¡into¡¡any¡¡other¡¡language£»¡¡until¡¡recent¡¡years£»¡¡although¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡its¡¡publication¡¡certain¡¡learned¡¡men£»¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡read¡¡the¡¡book¡¡in¡¡the¡¡original£»¡¡had¡¡asked¡¡that¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡£¡¡By¡¡this¡¡neglect£»¡¡or¡¡oversight£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡number¡¡of¡¡general¡¡readers¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡many¡¡scientists£»¡¡through¡¡succeeding¡¡ce

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ