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A¡¡Smaller¡¡History¡¡of¡¡Greece

by¡¡William¡¡Smith




CONTENTS¡£

CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Geography¡¡of¡¡Greece¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡II¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greeks£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Heroic¡¡Age¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡III¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡General¡¡Survey¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡People¡£
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡National¡¡Institutions¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡IV¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Early¡¡History¡¡of¡¡Peloponnesus¡¡and¡¡Sparta¡¡to
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Messenian¡¡Wars£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡668¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡V¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Early¡¡History¡¡of¡¡Athens¡¡down¡¡to¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Establishment¡¡of¡¡Democracy¡¡by¡¡Clisthenes£»
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CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡VI¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Greek¡¡Colonies¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡VII¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Persian¡¡Wars¡£From¡¡the¡¡Ionic¡¡Revolt¡¡to
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Battle¡¡of¡¡Marathon£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡500¡­490¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡VIII¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Persian¡¡Wars¡£The¡¡Battles¡¡of¡¡Thermopylae
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Salamis£»¡¡and¡¡Plataea£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡480¡­479¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡IX¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Persian¡¡Wars¡¡to¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡War£»
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CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡X¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Athens¡¡in¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Pericles¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡XI¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡War¡£First¡¡Period£»¡¡from¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡commencement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡War¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Peace¡¡of¡¡Nicias£»
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡431¡­421¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡XII¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡War¡£Second¡¡Period£»¡¡from
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡Peace¡¡of¡¡Nicias¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Defeat¡¡of¡¡the
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CHAPTER¡¡¡¡XIII¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡War¡£Third¡¡Period£»¡¡from¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Sicilian¡¡Expedition¡¡to¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡War£»
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CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡XIV¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Thiry¡¡Tyrants£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡Socrates£»
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CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡XV¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Expedition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡under¡¡Cyrus£»¡¡and
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Retreat¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ten¡¡Thousand£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡401¡­400¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡XVI¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Supremacy¡¡of¡¡Sparta£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡404¡­371¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡XVII¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡Supremacy¡¡of¡¡Thebes£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡371¡­361¡£
CHAPTER¡¡XVIII¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡History¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Sicilian¡¡Greeks¡¡from¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Destruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Athenian¡¡Armament¡¡to¡¡the
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CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡XIX¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Phillip¡¡of¡¡Macedon£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡359¡­336¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡XX¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Alexander¡¡the¡¡Great£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡336¡­323¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡¡¡XXI¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡From¡¡the¡¡Death¡¡of¡¡Alexander¡¡the¡¡Great¡¡to¡¡the
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Conquest¡¡of¡¡Greece¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡B¡£C¡£¡¡323¡­146¡£
CHAPTER¡¡¡¡XXII¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡Sketch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡History¡¡of¡¡Greek¡¡Literature
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CHAPTER¡¡I¡£

GEOGRAPHY¡¡OF¡¡GREECE¡£

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The¡¡name¡¡of¡¡Greece¡¡was¡¡not¡¡used¡¡by¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡called¡¡their¡¡land¡¡HELLAS£»¡¡and¡¡themselves¡¡HELLENES¡£¡¡At¡¡first¡¡the¡¡word¡¡HELLAS¡¡signified¡¡only¡¡a¡¡small¡¡district¡¡in¡¡Thessaly£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Hellenes¡¡gradually¡¡spread¡¡over¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡country¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡names¡¡of¡¡GREECE¡¡and¡¡GREEKS¡¡come¡¡to¡¡us¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡who¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡GRAECIA¡¡to¡¡the¡¡country¡¡and¡¡of¡¡GRAECI¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡£

The¡¡two¡¡northerly¡¡provinces¡¡of¡¡Greece¡¡are¡¡THESSALY¡¡and¡¡EPIRUS£»¡¡separated¡¡from¡¡each¡¡other¡¡by¡¡Mount¡¡Pindus¡£¡¡¡¡Thessaly¡¡is¡¡a¡¡fertile¡¡plain¡¡enclosed¡¡by¡¡lofty¡¡mountains£»¡¡and¡¡drained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡river¡¡Peneus£»¡¡which¡¡finds¡¡its¡¡way¡¡into¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡through¡¡the¡¡celebrated¡¡Vale¡¡of¡¡Tempe¡£¡¡¡¡Epirus¡¡is¡¡covered¡¡by¡¡rugged¡¡ranges¡¡of¡¡mountains¡¡running¡¡from¡¡north¡¡to¡¡south£»¡¡through¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Achelous¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡river¡¡of¡¡Greece£»¡¡flows¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡Corinthian¡¡gulf¡£

In¡¡entering¡¡central¡¡Greece¡¡from¡¡Thessaly¡¡the¡¡road¡¡runs¡¡along¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡through¡¡the¡¡narrow¡¡pass¡¡of¡¡Thermopylae£»¡¡between¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡and¡¡a¡¡lofty¡¡range¡¡of¡¡mountains¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡district¡¡along¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡was¡¡inhabited¡¡by¡¡the¡¡EASTERN¡¡LOCRIANS£»¡¡while¡¡to¡¡their¡¡west¡¡were¡¡DORIS¡¡and¡¡PHOCIS£»¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡being¡¡occupied¡¡by¡¡Mount¡¡Parnassus£»¡¡the¡¡abode¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Muses£»¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡slopes¡¡of¡¡which¡¡lay¡¡the¡¡town¡¡of¡¡Delphi¡¡with¡¡its¡¡celebrated¡¡oracle¡¡of¡¡Apollo¡£¡¡South¡¡of¡¡Phocis¡¡is¡¡Boeotia£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡a¡¡large¡¡hollow¡¡basin£»¡¡enclosed¡¡on¡¡every¡¡side¡¡by¡¡mountains£»¡¡which¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡waters¡¡from¡¡flowing¡¡into¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡the¡¡atmosphere¡¡was¡¡damp¡¡and¡¡thick£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡circumstance¡¡the¡¡witty¡¡Athenians¡¡attributed¡¡the¡¡dullness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡£¡¡¡¡Thebes¡¡was¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Boeotia¡£¡¡¡¡South¡¡of¡¡Boeotia¡¡lies¡¡ATTICA£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡in¡¡the¡¡form¡¡of¡¡a¡¡triangle£»¡¡having¡¡two¡¡of¡¡its¡¡sides¡¡washed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡and¡¡its¡¡base¡¡united¡¡to¡¡the¡¡land¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡soil¡¡is¡¡light¡¡and¡¡dry¡¡and¡¡is¡¡better¡¡adapted¡¡for¡¡the¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡fruit¡¡than¡¡of¡¡corn¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡particularly¡¡celebrated¡¡for¡¡its¡¡olives£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡gift¡¡of¡¡Athena¡¡£¨Minerva£©£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡always¡¡under¡¡the¡¡care¡¡of¡¡that¡¡goddess¡£¡¡¡¡Athens¡¡was¡¡on¡¡the¡¡western¡¡coast£»¡¡between¡¡four¡¡and¡¡five¡¡miles¡¡from¡¡its¡¡port£»¡¡Piraeus¡£¡¡¡¡West¡¡of¡¡Attica£»¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡isthmus£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡small¡¡district¡¡of¡¡MEGARIS¡£

The¡¡western¡¡half¡¡of¡¡central¡¡Greece¡¡consists¡¡of¡¡WESTERN¡¡LOCRIS£»¡¡AETOLIA¡¡and¡¡ACARNANIA¡£¡¡¡¡These¡¡districts¡¡were¡¡less¡¡civilised¡¡than¡¡the¡¡other¡¡countries¡¡of¡¡Greece£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡the¡¡haunts¡¡of¡¡rude¡¡robber¡¡tribes¡¡even¡¡as¡¡late¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡war¡£

Central¡¡Greece¡¡is¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡peninsula¡¡by¡¡a¡¡narrow¡¡isthmus£»¡¡on¡¡which¡¡stood¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Corinth¡£¡¡¡¡So¡¡narrow¡¡is¡¡this¡¡isthmus¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ancients¡¡regarded¡¡the¡¡peninsula¡¡as¡¡an¡¡island£»¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡to¡¡it¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡PELOPONNESUS£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡island¡¡of¡¡Pelops£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡mythical¡¡hero¡¡of¡¡this¡¡name¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡modern¡¡name£»¡¡the¡¡MOREA£»¡¡was¡¡bestowed¡¡upon¡¡it¡¡from¡¡its¡¡resemblance¡¡to¡¡the¡¡leaf¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mulberry¡£

The¡¡mountains¡¡of¡¡Peloponnesus¡¡have¡¡their¡¡roots¡¡in¡¡the¡¡centre¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡they¡¡branch¡¡out¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡¡¡This¡¡central¡¡region£»¡¡called¡¡ARCADIA£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡Switzerland¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peninsula¡£¡¡¡¡It¡¡is¡¡surrounded¡¡by¡¡a¡¡ring¡¡of¡¡mountains£»¡¡forming¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡natural¡¡wall£»¡¡which¡¡separates¡¡it¡¡from¡¡the¡¡remaining¡¡Peloponnesian¡¡states¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡other¡¡chief¡¡divisions¡¡of¡¡Peloponnesus¡¡were¡¡Achaia£»¡¡Argolis£»¡¡Laconia£»¡¡Messenia£»¡¡and¡¡Elis¡£¡¡¡¡ACHAIA¡¡is¡¡a¡¡narrow¡¡slip¡¡of¡¡country¡¡lying¡¡between¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡barrier¡¡of¡¡Arcadia¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Corinthian¡¡gulf¡£¡¡¡¡ARGOLIS£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡east£»¡¡contained¡¡several¡¡independent¡¡states£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡was¡¡Argos¡£¡¡¡¡LACONIA¡¡and¡¡MESSENIA¡¡occupied¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡the¡¡south¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peninsula¡¡from¡¡sea¡¡to¡¡sea£º¡¡¡¡these¡¡two¡¡countries¡¡were¡¡separated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡lofty¡¡range¡¡of¡¡Taygetus£»¡¡running¡¡from¡¡north¡¡to¡¡south£»¡¡and¡¡terminating¡¡in¡¡the¡¡promontory¡¡of¡¡Taenarum¡¡£¨now¡¡Cape¡¡Matapan£©£»¡¡the¡¡southernmost¡¡point¡¡of¡¡Greece¡¡and¡¡Europe¡£¡¡¡¡Sparta£»¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡town¡¡of¡¡Laconia£»¡¡stood¡¡in¡¡the¡¡valley¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Eurotas£»¡¡which¡¡opens¡¡out¡¡into¡¡a¡¡plain¡¡of¡¡considerable¡¡extent¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡Laconian¡¡gulf¡£¡¡Messenia£»¡¡in¡¡like¡¡manner£»¡¡was¡¡drained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Pamisus£»¡¡whose¡¡plain¡¡is¡¡still¡¡more¡¡extensive¡¡and¡¡fertile¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Eurotas¡£¡¡ELIS£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡west¡¡of¡¡Arcadia£»¡¡contains¡¡the¡¡memorable¡¡plain¡¡of¡¡Olympia£»¡¡through¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Alpheus¡¡flows£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡city¡¡of¡¡Pisa¡¡stood¡£

Of¡¡the¡¡numerous¡¡islands¡¡which¡¡line¡¡the¡¡Grecian¡¡shores£»¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡was¡¡Euboea£»¡¡stretching¡¡along¡¡the¡¡coasts¡¡of¡¡Boeotia¡¡and¡¡Attica¡£¡¡¡¡South¡¡of¡¡Euboea¡¡was¡¡the¡¡group¡¡of¡¡islands¡¡called¡¡the¡¡CYCLADES£»¡¡lying¡¡around¡¡Delos¡¡as¡¡a¡¡centre£»¡¡and¡¡east¡¡of¡¡these¡¡were¡¡the¡¡SPORADES£»¡¡near¡¡the¡¡Asiatic¡¡coast¡£¡¡¡¡South¡¡of¡¡these¡¡groups¡¡are¡¡the¡¡large¡¡islands¡¡of¡¡CRETE¡¡and¡¡RHODES¡£

The¡¡physical¡¡features¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country¡¡exercised¡¡an¡¡important¡¡influence¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡political¡¡destinies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡Greece¡¡is¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡mountainous¡¡countries¡¡of¡¡Europe¡£¡¡¡¡Its¡¡surface¡¡is¡¡occupied¡¡by¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡small¡¡plains£»¡¡either¡¡entirely¡¡surrounded¡¡by¡¡limestone¡¡mountains¡¡or¡¡open¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡¡¡Each¡¡of¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡Grecian¡¡cities¡¡was¡¡founded¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡small¡¡plains£»¡¡and£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡mountains¡¡which¡¡separated¡¡it¡¡from¡¡its¡¡neighbours¡¡were¡¡lofty¡¡and¡¡rugged£»¡¡each¡¡city¡¡grew¡¡up¡¡in¡¡solitary¡¡independence¡£¡¡¡¡But¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡it¡¡had¡¡ready¡¡and¡¡easy¡¡access¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡and¡¡Arcadia¡¡was¡¡almost¡¡the¡¡only¡¡political¡¡division¡¡that¡¡did¡¡not¡¡possess¡¡some¡¡territory¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡coast¡£¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡shut¡¡out¡¡from¡¡their¡¡neighbours¡¡by¡¡mountains£»¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡were¡¡naturally¡¡attracted¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sea£»¡¡and¡¡became¡¡a¡¡maritime¡¡people¡£¡¡¡¡Hence¡¡they¡¡possessed¡¡the¡¡love¡¡of¡¡freedom¡¡and¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡adventure£»¡¡which¡¡have¡¡always¡¡characterised£»¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡of¡¡maritime¡¡districts¡£



CHAPTER¡¡II¡£

ORIGIN¡¡OF¡¡THE¡¡GREEKS¡¡AND¡¡THE¡¡HEROIC¡¡AGE¡£

No¡¡nation¡¡possesses¡¡a¡¡history¡¡till¡¡events¡¡are¡¡recorded¡¡in¡¡written¡¡documents£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡till¡¡the¡¡epoch¡¡known¡¡by¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡the¡¡First¡¡Olympiad£»¡¡corresponding¡¡to¡¡the¡¡year¡¡776¡¡B¡£C¡££»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Greeks¡¡began¡¡to¡¡employ¡¡writing¡¡as¡¡a¡¡means¡¡for¡¡perpetuating¡¡the¡¡memory¡¡of¡¡any¡¡historical¡¡facts¡£¡¡¡¡Before¡¡that¡¡period¡¡everything¡¡is¡¡vague¡¡and¡¡uncertain£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡exploits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heroes¡¡related¡¡by¡¡the¡¡poets¡¡must¡¡not¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡historical¡¡facts¡£

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