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charity and

poverty; celibacy and mortification of the flesh; monastic life

and

Mother Church?  Christian Socialism is but the holy; water with

which

the priest consecrates the heart…burnings of the aristocrat。





B。 Petty…Bourgeois Socialism



The feudal aristocracy was not the only class that has ruined by

the bourgeoisie; not the only class whose conditions of existence

pined and perished in the atmosphere of modern bourgeois society。

The mediaeval burgesses and the small peasant proprietors were

the precursors of the modern bourgeoisie。  In those countries

which

are but little developed; industrially and commercially; these

two

classes still vegetate side by side with the rising bourgeoisie。



In countries where modern civilisation has become fully

developed; a new class of petty bourgeois has been formed;

fluctuating between proletariat and bourgeoisie and ever renewing

itself as a supplementary part of bourgeois society。  The

individual members of this class; however; are being constantly

hurled down into the proletariat by the action of competition;

and; as modern industry develops; they even see the moment

approaching when they will completely disappear as an independent

section of modern society; to be replaced; in manufactures;

agriculture and commerce; by overlookers; bailiffs and shopmen。



In countries like France; where the peasants constitute far more

than half of the population; it was natural that writers who

sided with the proletariat against the bourgeoisie; should use;

in their criticism of the bourgeois regime; the standard of the

peasant and petty bourgeois; and from the standpoint of these

intermediate classes should take up the cudgels for the working

class。  Thus arose petty…bourgeois Socialism。  Sismondi was the

head of this school; not only in France but also in England。



This school of Socialism dissected with great acuteness the

contradictions in the conditions of modern production。  It laid

bare the hypocritical apologies of economists。  It proved;

incontrovertibly; the disastrous effects of machinery and

division of labour; the concentration of capital and land in a

few hands; overproduction and crises; it pointed out the

inevitable ruin of the petty bourgeois and peasant; the misery of

the proletariat; the anarchy in production; the crying

inequalities in the distribution of wealth; the industrial war of

extermination between nations; the dissolution of old moral

bonds; of the old family relations; of the old nationalities。



In its positive aims; however; this form of Socialism aspires

either to restoring the old means of production and of exchange;

and with them the old property relations; and the old society; or

to cramping the modern means of production and of exchange;

within the framework of the old property relations that have

been; and were bound to be; exploded by those means。  In either

case; it is both reactionary and Utopian。



Its last words are: corporate guilds for manufacture;

patriarchal relations in agriculture。



Ultimately; when stubborn historical facts had dispersed all

intoxicating effects of self…deception; this form of Socialism

ended in a miserable fit of the blues。





C。 German; or 〃True;〃 Socialism



The Socialist and Communist literature of France; a literature

that originated under the pressure of a bourgeoisie in power; and

that was the expression of the struggle against this power; was

introduced into Germany at a time when the bourgeoisie; in that

country; had just begun its contest with feudal absolutism。



German philosophers; would…be philosophers; and beaux esprits;

eagerly seized on this literature; only forgetting; that when

these writings immigrated from France into Germany; French social

conditions had not immigrated along with them。  In contact with

German social conditions; this French literature lost all its

immediate practical significance; and assumed a purely literary

aspect。  Thus; to the German philosophers of the eighteenth

century; the demands of the first French Revolution were nothing

more than the demands of 〃Practical Reason〃 in general; and the

utterance of the will of the revolutionary French bourgeoisie

signified in their eyes the law of pure Will; of Will as it was

bound to be; of true human Will generally。



The world of the German literate consisted solely in bringing

the new French ideas into harmony with their ancient

philosophical conscience; or rather; in annexing the French ideas

without deserting their own philosophic point of view。



This annexation took place in the same way in which a foreign

language is appropriated; namely; by translation。



It is well known how the monks wrote silly lives of Catholic

Saints over the manuscripts on which the classical works of

ancient heathendom had been written。  The German literate

reversed this process with the profane French literature。  They

wrote their philosophical nonsense beneath the French original。

For instance; beneath the French criticism of the economic

functions of money; they wrote 〃Alienation of Humanity;〃 and

beneath the French criticism of the bourgeois State they wrote

〃dethronement of the Category of the General;〃 and so forth。



The introduction of these philosophical phrases at the back of

the French historical criticisms they dubbed 〃Philosophy of

Action;〃 〃True Socialism;〃 〃German Science of Socialism;〃

〃Philosophical Foundation of Socialism;〃 and so on。



The French Socialist and Communist literature was thus

completely emasculated。  And; since it ceased in the hands of the

German to express the struggle of one class with the other; he

felt conscious of having overcome 〃French one…sidedness〃 and of

representing; not true requirements; but the requirements of

truth;

not the interests of the proletariat; but the interests of Human

Nature;

of Man in general; who belongs to no class; has no reality; who

exists

only in the misty realm of philosophical fantasy。



This German Socialism; which took its schoolboy task so seriously

and solemnly; and extolled its poor stock…in…trade in such

mountebank fashion; meanwhile gradually lost its pedantic

innocence。



The fight of the German; and especially; of the Prussian

bourgeoisie;

against feudal aristocracy and absolute monarchy; in other words;

the liberal movement; became more earnest。



By this; the long wished…for opportunity was offered to 〃True〃

Socialism of confronting the political movement with the

Socialist demands; of hurling the traditional anathemas against

liberalism; against representative government; against bourgeois

competition; bourgeois freedom of the press; bourgeois

legislation; bourgeois liberty and equality; and of preaching to

the masses that they had nothing to gain; and everything to lose;

by this bourgeois movement。  German Socialism forgot; in the nick

of time; that the French criticism; whose silly echo it was;

presupposed the existence of modern bourgeois society; with its

corresponding economic conditions of existence; and the political

constitution adapted thereto; the very things whose attainment

was the object of the pending struggle in Germany。



To the absolute governments; with their following of parsons;

professors; country squires and officials; it served as a welcome

scarecrow against the threatening bourgeoisie。



It was a sweet finish after the bitter pills of floggings and

bullets with which these same governments; just at that time;

dosed the German working…class risings。



While this 〃True〃 Socialism thus served the governments as a

weapon for fighting the German bourgeoisie; it; at the same time;

directly represented a reactionary interest; the interest of the

German Philistines。  In Germany the petty…bourgeois class; a

relic of the sixteenth century; and since then constantly

cropping up again under various forms; is the real social basis

of the existing state of things。



To preserve this class is to preserve the existing state of

things in Germany。  The industrial and political supremacy of the

bourgeoisie threatens it with certain destruction; on the one

hand; from the concentration of capital; on the other; from the

rise of a revolutionary proletariat。  〃True〃 Socialism appeared

to

kill these two birds with one stone。  It spread like an epidemic。



The robe of speculative cobwebs; embroidered with flowers of

rhetoric; steeped in the dew of sickly sentiment; this

transcendental robe in which the German Socialists wrapped their

sorry 〃eternal truths;〃 all skin and bone; served to wonderfully

increase the sale of their goods amongst such a public。



And on its part; German Socialism recognised; more and more; its

own calling as the bombastic representative of the petty…

bourgeois Philistine。



It proclaimed the German nation to be the model nation; and the

German petty Philist

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