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production changes its character in proportion as material

production

is changed?  The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the

ideas of

its ruling class。



When people speak of ideas that revolutionise society; they do

but express the fact; that within the old society; the elements

of a new one have been created; and that the dissolution of the

old ideas keeps even pace with the dissolution of the old

conditions of existence。



When the ancient world was in its last throes; the ancient

religions were overcome by Christianity。  When Christian ideas

succumbed in the 18th century to rationalist ideas; feudal

society fought its death battle with the then revolutionary

bourgeoisie。  The ideas of religious liberty and freedom of

conscience merely gave expression to the sway of free competition

within the domain of knowledge。



〃Undoubtedly;〃 it will be said; 〃religious; moral; philosophical

and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of

historical development。  But religion; morality philosophy;

political science; and law; constantly survived this change。〃



〃There are; besides; eternal truths; such as Freedom; Justice;

etc。 that are common to all states of society。  But Communism

abolishes eternal truths; it abolishes all religion; and all

morality; instead of constituting them on a new basis; it

therefore

acts in contradiction to all past historical experience。〃



What does this accusation reduce itself to?  The history of all

past society has consisted in the development of class

antagonisms;

antagonisms that assumed different forms at different epochs。



But whatever form they may have taken; one fact is common to all

past ages; viz。; the exploitation of one part of society by the

other。

No wonder; then; that the social consciousness of past ages;

despite

all the multiplicity and variety it displays; moves within

certain

common forms; or general ideas; which cannot completely vanish

except

with the total disappearance of class antagonisms。



The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with

traditional property relations; no wonder that its development

involves the most radical rupture with traditional ideas。



But let us have done with the bourgeois objections to Communism。



We have seen above; that the first step in the revolution by the

working class; is to raise the proletariat to the position of

ruling as to win the battle of democracy。



The proletariat will use its political supremacy top wrest; by

degrees; all capital from the bourgeoisie; to centralise all

instruments of production in the hands of the State; i。e。; of the

proletariat organised as the ruling class; and to increase the

total of productive forces as rapidly as possible。



Of course; in the beginning; this cannot be effected except by

means of despotic inroads on the rights of property; and on the

conditions of bourgeois production; by means of measures;

therefore;

which appear economically insufficient and untenable; but which;

in the course of the movement; outstrip themselves; necessitate

further inroads upon the old social order; and are unavoidable

as a means of entirely revolutionising the mode of production。



These measures will of course be different in different

countries。



Nevertheless in the most advanced countries; the following will

be pretty generally applicable。



1。  Abolition of property in land and application of all rents

    of land to public purposes。



2。  A heavy progressive or graduated income tax。



3。  Abolition of all right of inheritance。



4。  Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels。



5。  Centralisation of credit in the hands of the State; by means

    of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive

monopoly。



6。  Centralisation of the means of communication and transport

    in the hands of the State。



7。  Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by

the

    State; the bringing into cultivation of waste…lands; and the

    improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common

plan。



8。  Equal liability of all to labour。  Establishment of

    industrial armies; especially for agriculture。



9。  Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries;

gradual abolition of the distinction between town and country; by

a more equable distribution of the population over the country。



10。  Free education for all children in public schools。

Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form。

Combination of education with industrial production; &c。; &c。



When; in the course of development; class distinctions have

disappeared; and all production has been concentrated in the

hands of a vast association of the whole nation; the public power

will lose its political character。  Political power; properly so

called; is merely the organised power of one class for oppressing

another。  If the proletariat during its contest with the

bourgeoisie is compelled; by the force of circumstances; to

organise itself as a class; if; by means of a revolution; it

makes itself the ruling class; and; as such; sweeps away by force

the old conditions of production; then it will; along with these

conditions; have swept away the conditions for the existence of

class antagonisms and of classes generally; and will thereby have

abolished its own supremacy as a class。



In place of the old bourgeois society; with its classes and

class antagonisms; we shall have an association; in which the

free development of each is the condition for the free

development of all。









III SOCIALIST AND COMMUNIST LITERATURE





1。 REACTIONARY SOCIALISM





A。 Feudal Socialism





Owing to their historical position; it became the vocation of

the aristocracies of France and England to write pamphlets

against modern bourgeois society。  In the French revolution of

July 1830; and in the English reform agitation; these

aristocracies again succumbed to the hateful upstart。

Thenceforth; a serious political contest was altogether out of

the question。  A literary battle alone remained possible。  But

even in the domain of literature the old cries of the restoration

period had become impossible。



In order to arouse sympathy; the aristocracy were obliged to

lose sight; apparently; of their own interests; and to formulate

their indictment against the bourgeoisie in the interest of the

exploited working class alone。  Thus the aristocracy took their

revenge by singing lampoons on their new master; and whispering

in his ears sinister prophecies of coming catastrophe。



In this way arose Feudal Socialism: half lamentation; half

lampoon;

half echo of the past; half menace of the future; at times; by

its bitter;

witty and incisive criticism; striking the bourgeoisie to the

very heart's

core; but always ludicrous in its effect; through total

incapacity to

comprehend the march of modern history。



The aristocracy; in order to rally the people to them; waved the

proletarian alms…bag in front for a banner。  But the people; so

often as it joined them; saw on their hindquarters the old feudal

coats of arms; and deserted with loud and irreverent laughter。



One section of the French Legitimists and 〃Young England〃

exhibited this spectacle。



In pointing out that their mode of exploitation was different to

that of the bourgeoisie; the feudalists forget that they

exploited under circumstances and conditions that were quite

different; and that are now antiquated。  In showing that; under

their rule; the modern proletariat never existed; they forget

that the modern bourgeoisie is the necessary offspring of their

own form of society。



For the rest; so little do they conceal the reactionary

character of their criticism that their chief accusation against

the bourgeoisie amounts to this; that under the bourgeois regime

a class is being developed; which is destined to cut up root and

branch the old order of society。



What they upbraid the bourgeoisie with is not so much that it

creates

a proletariat; as that it creates a revolutionary proletariat。



In political practice; therefore; they join in all coercive

measures against the working class; and in ordinary life; despite

their high falutin phrases; they stoop to pick up the golden

apples dropped from the tree of industry; and to barter truth;

love;

and honour for traffic in wool; beetroot…sugar; and potato

spirits。



As the parson has ever gone band in hand with the landlord;

so has Clerical Socialism with Feudal Socialism。



Nothing is easier than to give Christian asceticism a Socialist

tinge。

Has not Christianity declaimed against private property; against

marriage;

against the State?  Has it not preached in the place of these;

charity and

poverty; celibacy and mortification of the flesh; monastic life

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