history of florence-第9节

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went　to　Genoa；　and　thence　to　France；　where　he　appointed　a　council　to

be　held　at　Lyons；　where　it　was　the　intention　of　Frederick　to　attend；

but　he　was　prevented　by　the　rebellion　of　Parma：　and；　being　repulsed；

he　went　into　Tuscany；　and　from　thence　to　Sicily；　where　he　died；

leaving　his　son　Conrad　in　Suabia；　and　in　Puglia；　Manfred；　whom　he　had

created　duke　of　Benevento；　born　of　a　concubine。　Conrad　came　to　take

possession　of　the　kingdom；　and　having　arrived　at　Naples；　died；　leaving

an　infant　son　named　Corradino；　who　was　then　in　Germany。　On　this

account　Manfred　occupied　the　state；　first　as　guardian　of　Corradino；

but　afterward；　causing　a　report　to　be　circulated　that　Corradino　had

died；　made　himself　king；　contrary　to　the　wishes　of　both　the　pope　and

the　Neapolitans；　who；　however；　were　obliged　to　submit。



While　these　things　were　occurring　in　the　kingdom　of　Naples；　many

movements　took　place　in　Lombardy　between　the　Guelphs　and　the

Ghibellines。　The　Guelphs　were　headed　by　a　legate　of　the　pope；　and　the

Ghibelline　party　by　Ezelin；　who　possessed　nearly　the　whole　of　Lombardy

beyond　the　Po；　and；　as　in　the　course　of　the　war　Padua　rebelled；　he　put

to　death　twelve　thousand　of　its　citizens。　But　before　its　close　he

himself　was　slain；　in　the　eightieth　year　of　his　age；　and　all　the

places　he　had　held　became　free。　Manfred；　king　of　Naples；　continued

those　enmities　against　the　church　which　had　been　begun　by　his

ancestors；　and　kept　the　pope；　Urban　IV。；　in　continual　alarm；　so　that；

in　order　to　subdue　him；　Urban　summoned　the　crusaders；　and　went　to

Perugia　to　await　their　arrival。　Seeing　them　few　and　slow　in　their

approach；　he　found　that　more　able　assistance　was　necessary　to　conquer

Manfred。　He　therefore　sought　the　favor　of　France；　created　Louis　of

Anjou；　the　king's　brother；　sovereign　of　Naples　and　Sicily；　and　excited

him　to　come　into　Italy　to　take　possession　of　that　kingdom。　But　before

Charles　came　to　Rome　the　pope　died；　and　was　succeeded　by　Clement　IV。；

in　whose　time　he　arrived　at　Ostia；　with　thirty　galleys；　and　ordered

that　the　rest　of　his　forces　should　come　by　land。　During　his　abode　at

Rome；　the　citizens；　in　order　to　attach　him　to　them；　made　him　their

senator；　and　the　pope　invested　him　with　the　kingdom；　on　condition　that

he　should　pay　annually　to　the　church　the　sum　of　fifty　thousand　ducats；

and　it　was　decreed　that；　from　thenceforth；　neither　Charles　nor　any

other　person；　who　might　be　king　of　Naples；　should　be　emperor　also。

Charles　marched　against　Manfred；　routed　his　army；　and　slew　him　near

Benevento；　and　then　became　sovereign　of　Sicily　and　Naples。　Corradino；

to　whom；　by　his　father's　will；　the　state　belonged；　having　collected　a

great　force　in　Germany；　marched　into　Italy　against　Charles；　with　whom

he　came　to　an　engagement　at　Tagliacozzo；　was　taken　prisoner　while

endeavoring　to　escape；　and　being　unknown；　put　to　death。



Italy　remained　in　repose　until　the　pontificate　of　Adrian　V。　Charles；

being　at　Rome　and　governing　the　city　by　virtue　of　his　office　of

senator；　the　pope；　unable　to　endure　his　power；　withdrew　to　Viterbo；

and　solicited　the　Emperor　Rodolph　to　come　into　Italy　and　assist　him。

Thus　the　popes；　sometimes　in　zeal　for　religion；　at　others　moved　by

their　own　ambition；　were　continually　calling　in　new　parties　and

exciting　new　disturbances。　As　soon　as　they　had　made　a　prince　powerful；

they　viewed　him　with　jealousy　and　sought　his　ruin；　and　never　allowed

another　to　rule　the　country；　which；　from　their　own　imbecility；　they

were　themselves　unable　to　govern。　Princes　were　in　fear　of　them；　for；

fighting　or　running　away；　the　popes　always　obtained　the　advantage；

unless　it　happened　they　were　entrapped　by　deceit；　as　occurred　to

Boniface　VIII。；　and　some　others；　who　under　pretense　of　friendship；

were　ensnared　by　the　emperors。　Rodolph　did　not　come　into　Italy；　being

detained　by　the　war　in　which　he　was　engaged　with　the　king　of　Bohemia。

At　this　time　Adrian　died；　and　Nicholas　III。；　of　the　Orsini　family；

became　pontiff。　He　was　a　bold；　ambitious　man；　and　being　resolved　at

any　event　to　diminish　the　power　of　Charles；　induced　the　Emperor

Rodolph　to　complain　that　he　had　a　governor　in　Tuscany　favorable　to　the

Guelphic　faction；　who　after　the　death　of　Manfred　had　been　replaced　by

him。　Charles　yielded　to　the　emperor　and　withdrew　his　governor；　and　the

pope　sent　one　of　his　nephews；　a　cardinal；　as　governor　for　the　emperor；

who；　for　the　honor　done　him；　restored　Romagna　to　the　church；　which　had

been　taken　from　her　by　his　predecessors；　and　the　pope　made　Bertoldo

Orsino　duke　of　Romagna。　As　Nicholas　now　thought　himself　powerful

enough　to　oppose　Charles；　he　deprived　him　of　the　office　of　senator；

and　made　a　decree　that　no　one　of　royal　race　should　ever　be　a　senator

in　Rome。　It　was　his　intention　to　deprive　Charles　of　Sicily；　and　to

this　end　he　entered　into　a　secret　negotiation　with　Peter；　king　of

Aragon；　which　took　effect　in　the　following　papacy。　He　also　had　the

design　of　creating　two　kings　out　of　his　family；　the　one　in　Lombardy；

the　other　in　Tuscany；　whose　power　would　defend　the　church　from　the

Germans　who　might　design　to　come　into　Italy；　and　from　the　French；　who

were　in　the　kingdom　of　Naples　and　Sicily。　But　with　these　thoughts　he

died。　He　was　the　first　pope　who　openly　exhibited　his　own　ambition；

and；　under　pretense　of　making　the　church　great；　conferred　honors　and

emolument　upon　his　own　family。　Previous　to　his　time　no　mention　is　made

of　the　nephews　or　families　of　any　pontiff；　but　future　history　is　full

of　them；　nor　is　there　now　anything　left　for　them　to　attempt；　except

the　effort　to　make　the　papacy　hereditary。　True　it　is；　the　princes　of

their　creating　have　not　long　sustained　their　honors；　for　the　pontiffs；

being　generally　of　very　limited　existence；　did　not　get　their　plants

properly　established。



To　Nicholas　succeeded　Martin　IV。；　of　French　origin；　and　consequently

favorable　to　the　party　of　Charles；　who　sent　him　assistance　against　the

rebellion　of　Romagna；　and　while　they　were　encamped　at　Furli；　Guido

Bonatto；　an　astrologer；　contrived　that　at　an　appointed　moment　the

people　should　assail　the　forces　of　the　king；　and　the　plan　succeeding；

all　the　French　were　taken　and　slain。　About　this　period　was　also

carried　into　effect　the　plot　of　Pope　Nicholas　and　Peter；　king　of

Aragon；　by　which　the　Sicilians　murdered　all　the　French　that　were　in

that　island；　and　Peter　made　himself　sovereign　of　it；　saying；　that　it

belonged　to　him　in　the　right　of　his　wife　Gostanza；　daughter　of

Manfred。　But　Charles；　while　making　warlike　preparations　for　the

recovery　of　Sicily；　died；　leaving　a　son；　Charles　II。；　who　was　made

prisoner　in　Sicily；　and　to　recover　his　liberty　promised　to　return　to

his　prison；　if　within　three　years　he　did　not　obtain　the　pope's　consent

that　the　kings　of　Aragon　should　be　invested　with　the　kingdom　of

Sicily。



The　Emperor　Rodolph；　instead　of　coming　into　Italy；　gave　the　empire　the

advantage　of　having　done　so；　by　sending　an　ambassador；　with　authority

to　make　all　those　cities　free　which　would　redeem　themselves　with

money。　Many　purchased　their　freedom；　and　with　liberty　changed　their

mode　of　living。　Adolpho　of　Saxony　succeeded　to　the　empire；　and　to　the

papacy；　Pietro　del　Murrone；　who　took　the　name　of　Celestino；　but；　being

a　hermit　and　full　of　sanctity；　after　six　months　renounced　the

pontificate；　and　Boniface　VIII。　was　elected。



After　a　time　the　French　and　Germans　left　Italy；　and　the　country

remained　wholly　in　the　hands　of　the　Italians；　but　Providence　ordained

that　the　pope；　when　these　enemies　were　withdrawn；　should　neither

establish　nor　enjoy　his　authority；　and　raised　two　very　powerful

families　in　Rome；　the　Colonnesi　and　the　Orsini；　who　with　their　arms；

and　the　proximity　of　their　abode；　kept　the　pontificate　weak。　Boniface

then　determined　to　destroy　the　Colonnesi；　and；　besides

excommunicating；　endeavored　to　direct　the　weapons　of　the　church

against　them。　This；　although　it　did　them　some　injury；　proved　more

disastrous　to　the　pope；　for　those　arms　which　from　attachment　to　the

faith　performed　valiantly　against　its　enemies；　as　soon　as　they　were

directed　against　Christians　for　private　ambition；　ceased　to　do　the

will　of　those　who　wished　to　wield　them。　And　thus　the　too　eager　desire

to　gratify　themselves；　caused　the　pontiffs　by　degrees　to　lose　their

military　power。　Besides　what　is　just　related；　the　pope　deprived　two

cardinals　of　the　Colonnesi　family　of　their　office；　and　Sciarra；　the

head　of　the　house；　escaping　unknown；　was　taken　by　corsairs　of

Catalonia　and　put　to　the　oar；　but　being　afterward　recognized　at

Marseilles；　he　was　sent　to　Philip；　king　of　France；　who　had　been

excommunicated　and　deprived　of　the　kingdom。　Philip；　considering　that

in　a　war　against　the　pontiff　he　would　either　be　a　loser　or　run　great

hazards；　had　recourse　to　deception；　and　simulating　a　wish　to　come　to

terms；　secretly　sent　Sciarra　into　Italy；　who；　having　arrived　at

Anagnia；　where　his　holiness　then　resided；　assembled　a　few　friends；　and

in　the　night　took　him　prisoner。　And　alth