history of florence-第7节

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him；　and　the　emperor　sent　his　son；　also　named　Henry；　with　an　army　to

Rome；　and　he；　with　the　assistance　of　the　Romans；　who　hated　the　pope；

besieged　him　in　the　fortress。　Robert　Guiscard　them　came　from　Puglia　to

his　relief；　but　Henry　had　left　before　his　arrival；　and　returned　to

Germany。　The　Romans　stood　out　alone；　and　the　city　was　sacked　by

Robert；　and　reduced　to　ruins。　As　from　this　Robert　sprung　the

establishment　of　the　kingdom　of　Naples；　it　seems　not　superfluous　to

relate　particularly　his　actions　and　origin。



Disunion　having　arisen　among　the　descendants　of　Charlemagne；　occasion

was　given　to　another　northern　people；　called　Normans；　to　assail　France

and　occupy　that　portion　of　the　country　which　is　now　named　Normandy。　A

part　of　these　people　came　into　Italy　at　the　time　when　the　province　was

infested　with　the　Berengarii；　the　Saracans；　and　the　Huns；　and　occupied

some　places　in　Romagna；　where；　during　the　wars　of　that　period；　they

conducted　themselves　valiantly。　Tancred；　one　of　these　Norman　princes；

had　many　children；　among　the　rest　were　William；　surnamed　Ferabac；　and

Robert；　called　Guiscard。　When　the　principality　was　governed　by

William；　the　troubles　of　Italy　were　in　some　measure　abated；　but　the

Saracens　still　held　Sicily；　and　plundered　the　coasts　of　Italy　daily。

On　this　account　William　arranged　with　the　princes　of　Capua　and

Salerno；　and　with　Melorco；　a　Greek；　who　governed　Puglia　and　Calabria

for　the　Greek　emperor；　to　attack　Sicily；　and　it　was　agreed　that；　if

they　were　victorious；　each　should　have　a　fourth　part　of　the　booty　and

the　territory。　They　were　fortunate　in　their　enterprise；　expelled　the

Saracens；　and　took　possession　of　the　island；　but；　after　the　victory；

Melorco　secretly　caused　forces　to　be　brought　from　Greece；　seized

Sicily　in　the　name　of　the　emperor；　and　appropriated　the　booty　to

himself　and　his　followers。　William　was　much　dissatisfied　with　this；

but　reserved　the　exhibition　of　his　displeasure　for　a　suitable

opportunity；　and　left　Sicily　with　the　princes　of　Salerno　and　Capua。

But　when　they　had　parted　from　him　to　return　to　their　homes；　instead　of

proceeding　to　Romagna　he　led　his　people　towards　Puglia；　and　took

Melfi；　and　from　thence；　in　a　short　time；　recovered　from　the　Greek

emperor　almost　the　whole　of　Puglia　and　Calabria；　over　which　provinces；

in　the　time　of　pope　Nicholas　II。　his　brother　Robert　Guiscard　was

sovereign。　Robert　having　had　many　disputes　with　his　nephews　for　the

inheritance　of　these　states；　requested　the　influence　of　the　pope　to

settle　them；　which　his　holiness　was　very　willing　to　afford；　being

anxious　to　make　a　friend　of　Robert；　to　defend　himself　against　the

emperor　of　Germany　and　the　insolence　of　the　Roman　people；　which　indeed

shortly　followed；　when；　at　the　instance　of　Gregory；　he　drove　Henry

from　Rome；　and　subdued　the　people。　Robert　was　succeeded　by　his　sons

Roger　and　William；　to　whose　dominion　not　only　was　Naples　added；　but

all　the　places　interjacent　as　far　as　Rome；　and　afterward　Sicily；　of

which　Roger　became　sovereign；　but；　upon　William　going　to

Constantinople；　to　marry　the　daughter　of　the　emperor；　his　dominions

were　wrested　from　him　by　his　brother　Roger。　Inflated　with　so　great　an

acquisition；　Roger　first　took　the　title　of　king　of　Italy；　but

afterward　contented　himself　with　that　of　king　of　Puglia　and　Sicily。　He

was　the　first　who　established　and　gave　that　name　to　this　kingdom；

which　still　retains　its　ancient　boundaries；　although　its　sovereigns

have　been　of　many　families　and　countries。　Upon　the　failure　of　the

Normans；　it　came　to　the　Germans；　after　these　to　the　French；　then　to

the　Aragonese；　and　it　is　now　held　by　the　Flemish。



About　this　time　Urban　II。　became　pope　and　excited　the　hatred　of　the

Romans。　As　he　did　not　think　himself　safe　even　in　Italy；　on　account　of

the　disunion　which　prevailed；　he　directed　his　thoughts　to　a　generous

enterprise。　With　his　whole　clergy　he　went　into　France；　and　at　Anvers；

having　drawn　together　a　vast　multitude　of　people；　delivered　an　oration

against　the　infidels；　which　so　excited　the　minds　of　his　audience；　that

they　determined　to　undertake　the　conquest　of　Asia　from　the　Saracens；

which　enterprise；　with　all　those　of　a　similar　nature；　were　afterward

called　crusades；　because　the　people　who　joined　in　them　bore　upon　their

armor　and　apparel　the　figure　of　a　cross。　The　leaders　were　Godfrey；

Eustace；　and　Baldwin　of　Bouillon；　counts　of　Boulogne；　and　Peter；　a

hermit　celebrated　for　his　prudence　and　sagacity。　Many　kings　and　people

joined　them；　and　contributed　money；　and　many　private　persons　fought

under　them　at　their　own　expense；　so　great　was　the　influence　of

religion　in　those　days　upon　the　minds　of　men；　excited　by　the　example

of　those　who　were　its　principal　ministers。　The　proudest　successes

attended　the　beginning　of　this　enterprise；　for　the　whole　of　Asia

Minor；　Syria；　and　part　of　Egypt；　fell　under　the　power　of　the

Christians。　To　commemorate　these　events　the　order　of　the　Knights　of

Jerusalem　was　created；　which　still　continues；　and　holds　the　island　of

Rhodesthe　only　obstacle　to　the　power　of　the　Mohammedans。　The　same

events　gave　rise　to　the　order　of　the　Knights　Templars；　which；　after　a

short　time；　on　account　of　their　shameless　practices；　was　dissolved。

Various　fortunes　attended　the　crusaders　in　the　course　of　their

enterprises；　and　many　nations　and　individuals　became　celebrated

accordingly。　The　kings　of　France　and　England　joined　them；　and；　with

the　Venetians；　Pisans；　and　Genoese；　acquired　great　reputation；　till

the　time　of　Saladin；　when；　by　whose　talents；　and　the　disagreement　of

the　Christians　among　themselves；　the　crusaders　were　robbed　of　all　that

glory　which　they　had　at　first　acquired；　and；　after　ninety　years；　were

driven　from　those　places　which　they　had　so　honorably　and　happily

recovered。



After　the　death　of　Urban；　Pascal　II。　became　pope；　and　the　empire　was


under　the　dominion　of　Henry　IV。　who　came　to　Rome　pretending　friendship

for　the　pontiff　but　afterward　put　his　holiness　and　all　his　clergy　in

prison；　nor　did　he　release　them　till　it　was　conceded　that　he　should

dispose　of　the　churches　of　Germany　according　to　his　own　pleasure。

About　this　time；　the　Countess　Matilda　died；　and　made　the　church　heir

to　all　her　territories。　After　the　deaths　of　Pascal　and　Henry　IV。　many

popes　and　emperors　followed；　till　the　papacy　was　occupied　by　Alexander

III。　and　the　empire　by　Frederick；　surnamed　Barbarossa。　The　popes

during　this　period　had　met　with　many　difficulties　from　the　people　of

Rome　and　the　emperors；　and　in　the　time　of　Barbarossa　they　were　much

increased。　Frederick　possessed　military　talent；　but　was　so　full　of

pride　that　he　would　not　submit　to　the　pontiff。　However；　at　his

election　to　the　empire　he　came　to　Rome　to　be　crowned；　and　returned

peaceably　to　Germany；　where　he　did　not　long　remain　in　the　same　mind；

but　came　again　into　Italy　to　subdue　certain　places　in　Lombardy；　which

did　not　obey　him。　It　happened　at　this　time　that　the　cardinal　St。

Clement；　of　a　Roman　family；　separated　from　Alexander；　and　was　made

pope　by　some　of　the　cardinals。　The　Emperor　Frederick；　being　encamped

at　Cerma；　Alexander　complained　to　him　of　the　anti…pope；　and　received

for　answer；　that　they　were　both　to　go　to　him；　and；　having　heard　each

side；　he　would　determine　which　was　the　true　pope。　This　reply

displeased　Alexander；　and；　as　he　saw　the　emperor　was　inclined　to　favor

the　anti…pope；　he　excommunicated　him；　and　then　fled　to　Philip；　king　of

France。　Frederick；　in　the　meantime；　carrying　on　the　war　in　Lombardy；

destroyed　Milan；　which　caused　the　union　of　Verona；　Padua；　and　Vicenza

against　him　for　their　common　defense。　About　the　same　period　the　anti…

pope　died；　and　Frederick　set　up　Guido　of　Cremona；　in　his　stead。



The　Romans；　from　the　absence　of　the　pope；　and　from　the　emperor　being

in　Lombardy；　had　reacquired　some　authority　in　Rome；　and　proceeded　to

recover　the　obedience　of　those　places　which　had　been　subject　to　them。

And　as　the　people　of　Tusculum　refused　to　submit　to　their　authority；

they　proceeded　against　them　with　their　whole　force；　but　these；　being

assisted　by　Frederick；　routed　the　Roman　army　with　such　dreadful

slaughter；　that　Rome　was　never　after　either　so　populous　or　so　rich。

Alexander　now　returned　to　the　city；　thinking　he　could　be　safe　there　on

account　of　the　enmity　subsisting　between　the　Romans　and　the　emperor；

and　from　the　enemies　which　the　latter　had　in　Lombardy。　But　Frederick；

setting　aside　every　other　consideration；　led　his　forces　and　encamped

before　Rome；　and　Alexander　fled　to　William；　king　of　Puglia；　who　had

become　hair　of　that　kingdom　after　the　death　of　Roger。　Frederick；

however；　withdrew　from　Rome　on　account　of　the　plague　which　then

prevailed；　and　returned　to　Germany。　The　cities　of　Lombardy　in　league

against　him；　in　order　to　command　Pavia　and　Tortona；　which　adhered　to

the　imperial　party；　built　a　city；　to　be　their　magazine　in　time　of　war；

and　named　in　Alexandria；　in　honor　of　the　pope　and　in　contempt　of

Frederick。



Guido　the　anti…pope　died；　and