history of florence-第6节

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to　the　pope；　and　attending　the　elections　of　the　pontiff；　began　to

dignify　their　own　power　with　a　title；　by　calling　themselves　cardinals；

and　arrogated　so　great　authority；　that　having　excluded　the　people　of

Rome　from　the　election　of　pontiff；　the　appointment　of　a　new　pope　was

scarcely　ever　made　except　from　one　of　their　own　number：　thus　on　the

death　of　Pascal；　the　cardinal　of　St。　Sabina　was　created　pope　by　the

title　of　Eugenius　II。　Italy　having　come　into　the　hands　of　the　French；

a　change　of　form　and　order　took　place；　the　popes　acquiring　greater

temporal　power；　and　the　new　authorities　adopting　the　titles　of　count

and　marquis；　as　that　of　duke　had　been　introduced　by　Longinus；　exarch

of　Ravenna。　After　the　deaths　of　some　pontiffs；　Osporco；　a　Roman；

succeeded　to　the　papacy；　but　on　account　of　his　unseemly　appellation；

he　took　the　name　of　Sergius；　and　this　was　the　origin　of　that　change　of

names　which　the　popes　adopt　upon　their　election　to　the　pontificate。



In　the　meantime；　the　Emperor　Charles　died　and　was　succeeded　by　Lewis

（the　Pious；　after　whose　death　so　many　disputes　arose　among　his　sons；

that　at　the　time　of　his　grandchildren；　the　house　of　France　lost　the

empire；　which　then　came　to　the　Germans；　the　first　German　emperor　being

called　Arnolfus。　Nor　did　the　Carlovingian　family　lose　the　empire　only；

their　discords　also　occasioned　them　the　loss　of　Italy；　for　the

Lombards；　gathering　strength；　offended　the　pope　and　the　Romans；　and

Arnolfo；　not　knowing　where　to　seek　relief；　was　compelled　to　create

Berengarius；　duke　of　Fruili；　king　of　Italy。　These　events　induced　the

Huns；　who　occupied　Pannonia；　to　assail　Italy；　but；　in　an　engagement

with　Berengarius；　they　were　compelled　to　return　to　Pannonia；　which　had

from　them　been　named　Hungary。



Romano　was　at　this　time　emperor　of　Greece；　having；　while　prefect　of

the　army；　dethroned　Constantine；　and　as　Puglia　and　Calabria；　which；　as

before　observed；　were　parts　of　the　Greek　empire；　had　revolted；　he　gave

permission　to　the　Saracans　to　occupy　them；　and　they　having　taken

possession　of　these　provinces；　besieged　Rome。　The　Romans；　Berengarius

being　then　engaged　in　defending　himself　against　the　Huns；　appointed

Alberic；　duke　of　Tuscany；　their　leader。　By　his　valor　Rome　was　saved

from　the　Saracens；　who；　withdrawing　from　the　siege；　erected　a　fortress

upon　Mount　Gargano；　by　means　of　which　they　governed　Puglia　and

Calabria；　and　harassed　the　whole　country。　Thus　Italy　was　in　those

times　very　grievously　afflicted；　being　in　constant　warfare　with　the

Huns　in　the　direction　of　the　Alps；　and；　on　the　Neapolitan　side；

suffering　from　the　inroads　of　the　Saracens。　This　state　of　things

continued　many　years；　occupying　the　reigns　of　three　Berengarii；　who

succeeded　each　other；　and　during　this　time　the　pope　and　the　church

were　greatly　disturbed；　the　impotence　of　the　eastern；　and　the　disunion

which　prevailed　among　the　western　princes；　leaving　them　without

defense。　The　city　of　Genoa；　with　all　her　territory　upon　the　rivers；

having　been　overrun　by　the　Saracens；　an　impulse　was　thus　given　to　the

rising　greatness　of　Pisa；　in　which　city　multitudes　took　refuge　who　had

been　driven　out　of　their　own　country。　These　events　occurred　in　the

year　931；　when　Otho；　duke　of　Saxony；　the　son　of　Henry　and　Matilda；　a

man　of　great　prudence　and　reputation；　being　made　emperor；　the　pope

Agapito；　begged　that　he　would　come　into　Italy　and　relieve　him　from　the

tyranny　of　the　Berengarii。



The　States　of　Italy　were　governed　in　this　manner：　Lombardy　was　under

Berengarius　III。　and　Alfred　his　son；　Tuscany　and　Romagna　were　governed

by　a　deputy　of　the　western　emperor；　Puglia　and　Calabria　were　partly

under　the　Greek　emperor；　and　partly　under　the　Saracens；　in　Rome　two

consuls　were　annually　chosen　from　the　nobility；　who　governed　her

according　to　ancient　custom；　to　these　was　added　a　prefect；　who

dispensed　justice　among　the　people；　and　there　was　a　council　of　twelve；

who　each　year　appointed　rectors　for　the　places　subject　to　them。　The

popes　had　more　or　less　authority　in　Rome　and　the　rest　of　Italy；　in

proportion　as　they　were　favorites　of　the　emperor　or　of　the　most

powerful　states。　The　Emperor　Otho　came　into　Italy；　took　the　kingdom

from　the　Berengarii；　in　which　they　had　reigned　fifty…five　years；　and

reinstated　the　pontiff　in　his　dignity。　He　had　a　son　and　a　nephew；　each

named　Otho；　who；　one　after　the　other；　succeeded　to　the　empire。　In　the

reign　of　Otho　III。；　Pope　Gregory　V。　was　expelled　by　the　Romans；

whereupon　the　emperor　came　into　Italy　and　replaced　him；　and　the　pope；

to　revenge　himself　on　the　Romans；　took　from　them　the　right　to　create

an　emperor；　and　gave　it　to　three　princes　and　three　bishops　of　Germany；

the　princes　of　Brandenburg；　Palatine；　and　Saxony；　and　the　bishops　of

Magonza；　Treveri；　and　Colonia。　This　occurred　in　the　year　1002。　After

the　death　of　Otho　III。　the　electors　created　Henry；　duke　of　Bavaria；

emperor；　who　at　the　end　of　twelve　years　was　crowned　by　Pope　Stephen

VIII。　Henry　and　his　wife　Simeonda　were　persons　of　very　holy　life；　as

is　seen　by　the　many　temples　built　and　endowed　by　them；　of　which　the

church　of　St。　Miniato；　near　Florence；　is　one。　Henry　died　in　1024；　and

was　succeeded　by　Conrad　of　Suabia；　and　the　latter　by　Henry　II。；　who

came　to　Rome；　and　as　there　was　a　schism　in　the　church　of　three　popes；

he　set　them　all　aside；　and　caused　the　election　of　Clement　II。；　by　whom

he　was　crowned　emperor。







CHAPTER　IV



　　Nicholas　II。　commits　the　election　of　the　pope　to　the　cardinals

　　First　example　of　a　prince　deprived　of　his　dominions　by　the　pope

　　Guelphs　and　GhibellinesEstablishment　of　the　kingdom　of　Naples

　　Pope　Urban　II。　goes　to　FranceThe　first　crusadeNew　orders　of

　　knighthoodSaladin　takes　from　the　Christians　their　possessions　in

　　the　eastDeath　of　the　Countess　MatildaCharacter　of　Frederick

　　BarbarossaSchismFrederick　creates　an　anti…popeBuilding　of

　　Alexandria　in　PugliaDisgraceful　conditions　imposed　by　the　pope

　　upon　Henry；　king　of　EnglandReconciliation　of　Frederick　with　the

　　popeThe　kingdom　of　Naples　passes　to　the　GermansOrders　of　St。

　　Dominic　and　St。　Francis。



Italy　was　at　this　time　governed　partly　by　the　people；　some　districts

by　their　own　princes；　and　others　by　the　deputies　of　the　emperor。　The

highest　in　authority；　and　to　whom　the　others　referred；　was　called　the

chancellor。　Of　the　princes；　the　most　powerful　were　Godfred　and　the

Countess　Matilda　his　wife；　who　was　daughter　of　Beatrice；　the　sister　of

Henry　II。　She　and　her　husband　possessed　Lucca；　Parma；　Reggio；　Mantua；

and　the　whole　of　what　is　now　called　THE　PATRIMONY　OF　THE　CHURCH。　The

ambition　of　the　Roman　people　caused　many　wars　between　them　and　the

pontiffs；　whose　authority　had　previously　been　used　to　free　them　from

the　emperors；　but　when　they　had　taken　the　government　of　the　city　to

themselves；　and　regulated　it　according　to　their　own　pleasure；　they　at

once　became　at　enmity　with　the　popes；　who　received　far　more　injuries

from　them　than　from　any　Christian　potentate。　And　while　the　popes

caused　all　the　west　to　tremble　with　their　censures；　the　people　of　Rome

were　in　open　rebellion　against　them；　nor　had　they　or　the　popes　any

other　purpose；　but　to　deprive　each　other　of　reputation　and　authority。



Nicholas　II。　now　attained　the　papacy；　and　as　Gregory　V。　had　taken　from

the　Romans　the　right　to　create　an　emperor；　he　in　the　same　manner

determined　to　deprive　them　of　their　share　in　the　election　of　the　pope；

and　confined　the　creation　to　the　cardinals　alone。　Nor　did　this　satisfy

him；　for；　having　agreed　with　the　princes　who　governed　Calabria　and

Puglia；　with　methods　which　we　shall　presently　relate；　he　compelled　the

officers　whom　the　Romans　appointed　to　their　different　jurisdictions；

to　render　obedience　to　him；　and　some　of　them　he　even　deprived　of　their

offices。　After　the　death　of　Nicholas；　there　was　a　schism　in　the

church；　the　clergy　of　Lombardy　refused　obedience　to　Alexander　II。；

created　at　Rome；　and　elected　Cadolo　of　Parma　anti…pope；　and　Henry；　who

hated　the　power　of　the　pontiffs；　gave　Alexander　to　understand　that　he

must　renounce　the　pontificate；　and　ordered　the　cardinals　to　go　into

Germany　to　appoint　a　new　pope。　He　was　the　first　who　felt　the

importance　of　spiritual　weapons；　for　the　pope　called　a　council　at

Rome；　and　deprived　Henry　of　both　the　empire　and　the　kingdom。　Some　of

the　people　of　Italy　took　the　part　of　the　pope；　others　of　Henry；　and

hence　arose　the　factions　of　the　Guelphs　and　the　Ghibellines；　that

Italy；　relieved　from　the　inundations　of　barbarians；　might　be

distracted　with　intestine　strife。　Henry；　being　excommunicated；　was

compelled　by　his　people　to　come　into　Italy；　and　fall　barefooted　upon

his　knees　before　the　pope；　and　ask　his　pardon。　This　occurred　in　the

year　1082。　Nevertheless；　there　shortly　afterward　arose　new　discords

between　the　pope　and　Henry；　upon　which　the　pope　again　excommunicated

him；　and　the　emperor　sent　his　son；　also　named　Henry；　with　an　army　to

Rome；　and　he；　with　the　assistance　of　the　Romans；　who　hated　the