history of florence-µÚ5½Ú
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dominion¡¡further¡¡than¡¡Benevento£»¡¡for£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cities¡¡of¡¡Rome£»¡¡Ravenna£»
Cremona£»¡¡Mantua£»¡¡Padua£»¡¡Monselice£»¡¡Parma£»¡¡Bologna£»¡¡Faenza£»¡¡Forli£»¡¡and
Cesena£»¡¡some¡¡defended¡¡themselves¡¡for¡¡a¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡never¡¡fell
under¡¡their¡¡dominion£»¡¡since£»¡¡not¡¡having¡¡a¡¡king£»¡¡they¡¡became¡¡less
prompt¡¡for¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡they¡¡afterward¡¡appointed¡¡one£»¡¡they¡¡were£»¡¡by
living¡¡in¡¡freedom£»¡¡become¡¡less¡¡obedient£»¡¡and¡¡more¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡quarrel¡¡among
themselves£»¡¡which¡¡from¡¡the¡¡first¡¡prevented¡¡a¡¡fortunate¡¡issue¡¡of¡¡their
military¡¡expeditions£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡the¡¡ultimate¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡their¡¡being¡¡driven
out¡¡of¡¡Italy¡£¡¡The¡¡affairs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lombards¡¡being¡¡in¡¡the¡¡state¡¡just
described£»¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡and¡¡Longinus¡¡came¡¡to¡¡an¡¡agreement¡¡with¡¡them£»
that¡¡each¡¡should¡¡lay¡¡down¡¡their¡¡arms¡¡and¡¡enjoy¡¡what¡¡they¡¡already
possessed¡£
CHAPTER¡¡III
¡¡¡¡Beginning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡greatness¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pontiffs¡¡in¡¡ItalyAbuse¡¡of
¡¡¡¡censures¡¡and¡¡indulgencesThe¡¡pope¡¡applies¡¡to¡¡Pepin£»¡¡king¡¡of
¡¡¡¡France£»¡¡for¡¡assistanceDonation¡¡of¡¡Pepin¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pontiff
¡¡¡¡CharlemagneEnd¡¡of¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡LombardsThe¡¡title¡¡of
¡¡¡¡cardinal¡¡begins¡¡to¡¡be¡¡usedThe¡¡empire¡¡passes¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Germans
¡¡¡¡Berengarius£»¡¡duke¡¡of¡¡Fruili£»¡¡created¡¡king¡¡of¡¡ItalyPisa¡¡becomes
¡¡¡¡greatOrder¡¡and¡¡division¡¡of¡¡the¡¡states¡¡of¡¡ItalyElectors¡¡of¡¡the
¡¡¡¡emperor¡¡created¡£
In¡¡these¡¡times¡¡the¡¡popes¡¡began¡¡to¡¡acquire¡¡greater¡¡temporal¡¡authority
than¡¡they¡¡had¡¡previously¡¡possessed£»¡¡although¡¡the¡¡immediate¡¡successors
of¡¡St¡£¡¡Peter¡¡were¡¡more¡¡reverenced¡¡for¡¡the¡¡holiness¡¡of¡¡their¡¡lives£»¡¡and
the¡¡miracles¡¡which¡¡they¡¡performed£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡example¡¡so¡¡greatly
extended¡¡the¡¡Christian¡¡religion£»¡¡that¡¡princes¡¡of¡¡other¡¡states¡¡embraced
it£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡obviate¡¡the¡¡confusion¡¡which¡¡prevailed¡¡at¡¡that¡¡period¡£
The¡¡emperor¡¡having¡¡become¡¡a¡¡Christian¡¡and¡¡returned¡¡to¡¡Constantinople£»
it¡¡followed£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡remarked¡¡at¡¡the¡¡commencement¡¡of¡¡the¡¡book£»¡¡that¡¡the
Roman¡¡empire¡¡was¡¡the¡¡more¡¡easily¡¡ruined£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡church¡¡more¡¡rapidly
increased¡¡her¡¡authority¡£¡¡Nevertheless£»¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡Italy£»¡¡being
subject¡¡either¡¡to¡¡the¡¡emperors¡¡or¡¡the¡¡kings¡¡till¡¡the¡¡coming¡¡of¡¡the
Lombards£»¡¡the¡¡popes¡¡never¡¡acquired¡¡any¡¡greater¡¡authority¡¡than¡¡what
reverence¡¡for¡¡their¡¡habits¡¡and¡¡doctrine¡¡gave¡¡them¡£¡¡In¡¡other¡¡respects
they¡¡obeyed¡¡the¡¡emperors¡¡or¡¡kings£»¡¡officiated¡¡for¡¡them¡¡in¡¡their
affairs£»¡¡as¡¡ministers¡¡or¡¡agents£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡even¡¡sometimes¡¡put¡¡to¡¡death
by¡¡them¡£¡¡He¡¡who¡¡caused¡¡them¡¡to¡¡become¡¡of¡¡more¡¡importance¡¡in¡¡the
affairs¡¡of¡¡Italy£»¡¡was¡¡Theodoric£»¡¡king¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Goths£»¡¡when¡¡he
established¡¡the¡¡seat¡¡of¡¡his¡¡empire¡¡at¡¡Ravenna£»¡¡for£»¡¡Rome¡¡being¡¡without
a¡¡prince£»¡¡the¡¡Romans¡¡found¡¡it¡¡necessary£»¡¡for¡¡their¡¡safety£»¡¡to¡¡yield
obedience¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pope£»¡¡his¡¡authority£»¡¡however£»¡¡was¡¡not¡¡greatly
increased¡¡thereby£»¡¡the¡¡only¡¡advantage¡¡being£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡church¡¡of¡¡Rome
was¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡take¡¡precedence¡¡of¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Ravenna¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡Lombards
having¡¡taken¡¡possession£»¡¡and¡¡Italy¡¡being¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡many¡¡parts£»¡¡the
pope¡¡had¡¡an¡¡opportunity¡¡of¡¡greater¡¡exertion¡£¡¡Being¡¡as¡¡it¡¡were¡¡the¡¡head
of¡¡Rome£»¡¡both¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡of¡¡Constantinople¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Lombards¡¡respected
him£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Romans£»¡¡by¡¡his¡¡means£»¡¡entered¡¡into¡¡league¡¡with¡¡the
Lombards£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡Longinus£»¡¡not¡¡as¡¡subjects£»¡¡but¡¡as¡¡equals¡£¡¡Thus¡¡the
popes£»¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡friends¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Greeks£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡another¡¡of¡¡the
Lombards£»¡¡increased¡¡their¡¡own¡¡power£»¡¡but¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡ruin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eastern
empire£»¡¡which¡¡occurred¡¡during¡¡the¡¡time¡¡of¡¡Heraclius£»¡¡their¡¡influence
was¡¡reduced£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Sclavi£»¡¡of¡¡whom¡¡we¡¡spoke¡¡before£»¡¡again¡¡assailed
Illyria£»¡¡and¡¡having¡¡occupied¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡named¡¡it¡¡Sclavonia£»¡¡after
themselves£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡other¡¡parts¡¡were¡¡attacked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Persians£»¡¡then¡¡by
the¡¡Saracens¡¡under¡¡Mohammed£»¡¡and¡¡lastly¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Turks£»¡¡who¡¡took¡¡Syria£»
Africa£»¡¡and¡¡Egypt¡£¡¡These¡¡causes¡¡induced¡¡the¡¡reigning¡¡pope£»¡¡in¡¡his
distress£»¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡new¡¡friends£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king¡¡of¡¡France¡£
Nearly¡¡all¡¡the¡¡wars¡¡which¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡barbarians¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡in¡¡Italy£»
it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡here¡¡remarked£»¡¡were¡¡occasioned¡¡by¡¡the¡¡pontiffs£»¡¡and¡¡the
hordes£»¡¡with¡¡which¡¡the¡¡country¡¡was¡¡inundated£»¡¡were¡¡generally¡¡called¡¡in
by¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡same¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡proceeding¡¡still¡¡continued£»¡¡and¡¡kept¡¡Italy
weak¡¡and¡¡unsettled¡£¡¡And£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡in¡¡relating¡¡the¡¡events¡¡which¡¡have
taken¡¡place¡¡from¡¡those¡¡times¡¡to¡¡the¡¡present£»¡¡the¡¡ruin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡empire
will¡¡be¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡illustrated£»¡¡but¡¡only¡¡the¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡the
pontificate¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡principalities¡¡which¡¡ruled¡¡Italy¡¡till¡¡the
coming¡¡of¡¡Charles¡¡VIII¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡how¡¡the¡¡popes£»¡¡first¡¡with
censures£»¡¡and¡¡afterward¡¡with¡¡these¡¡and¡¡arms£»¡¡mingled¡¡with¡¡indulgences£»
became¡¡both¡¡terrible¡¡and¡¡venerable£»¡¡and¡¡how£»¡¡from¡¡having¡¡abused¡¡both£»
they¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡possess¡¡any¡¡influence£»¡¡and¡¡were¡¡wholly¡¡dependent¡¡on¡¡the
will¡¡of¡¡others¡¡for¡¡assistance¡¡in¡¡their¡¡wars¡£
But¡¡to¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the¡¡order¡¡of¡¡our¡¡narration¡£¡¡Gregory¡¡III¡£¡¡occupied¡¡the
papacy£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡kingdom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lombards¡¡was¡¡held¡¡by¡¡Astolphus£»¡¡who£»
contrary¡¡to¡¡agreement£»¡¡seized¡¡Ravenna£»¡¡and¡¡made¡¡war¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡pope¡£¡¡On
this¡¡account£»¡¡Gregory¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡relying¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡emperor¡¡of
Constantinople£»¡¡since¡¡he£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡reasons¡¡above¡¡given£»¡¡was¡¡unable¡¡to
assist¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡unwilling¡¡to¡¡trust¡¡the¡¡Lombards£»¡¡for¡¡they¡¡had
frequently¡¡broken¡¡their¡¡faith£»¡¡had¡¡recourse¡¡to¡¡Pepin¡¡II¡££»¡¡who£»¡¡from
being¡¡lord¡¡of¡¡Austria¡¡and¡¡Brabant£»¡¡had¡¡become¡¡king¡¡of¡¡France£»¡¡not¡¡so
much¡¡by¡¡his¡¡own¡¡valor¡¡as¡¡by¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Charles¡¡Martel£»¡¡his¡¡father£»¡¡and
Pepin¡¡his¡¡grandfather£»¡¡for¡¡Charles¡¡Martel£»¡¡being¡¡governor¡¡of¡¡the
kingdom£»¡¡effected¡¡the¡¡memorable¡¡defeat¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Saracens¡¡near¡¡Tours£»
upon¡¡the¡¡Loire£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡of¡¡them¡¡are¡¡said¡¡to¡¡have
been¡¡left¡¡dead¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡field¡¡of¡¡battle¡£¡¡Hence£»¡¡Pepin£»¡¡by¡¡his¡¡father's
reputation¡¡and¡¡his¡¡own¡¡abilities£»¡¡became¡¡afterward¡¡king¡¡of¡¡France¡£¡¡To
him¡¡Pope¡¡Gregory£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡said£»¡¡applied¡¡for¡¡assistance¡¡against¡¡the
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and¡¡be¡¡honored¡¡with¡¡his¡¡presence¡£¡¡Gregory¡¡accordingly¡¡went¡¡to¡¡France£»
passing¡¡uninjured¡¡through¡¡the¡¡country¡¡of¡¡his¡¡enemies£»¡¡so¡¡great¡¡was¡¡the
respect¡¡they¡¡had¡¡for¡¡religion£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡treated¡¡honorably¡¡by¡¡Pepin£»¡¡who
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French£»¡¡who¡¡agreed¡¡to¡¡them¡¡at¡¡the¡¡entreaty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡popefor¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not
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places¡¡he¡¡had¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡her£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡king's¡¡forces¡¡having¡¡returned¡¡to
France£»¡¡he¡¡did¡¡not¡¡fulfill¡¡the¡¡agreement£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡pope¡¡again¡¡had
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the¡¡pope£»¡¡with¡¡all¡¡the¡¡places¡¡that¡¡belonged¡¡to¡¡the¡¡exarchate£»¡¡and
added¡¡to¡¡them¡¡Urbino¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Marca¡£¡¡But¡¡Astolphus£»¡¡while¡¡fulfilling
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duke¡¡of¡¡Tuscany£»¡¡took¡¡up¡¡arms¡¡to¡¡occupy¡¡the¡¡kingdom£»¡¡and¡¡demanded
assistance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡pope£»¡¡promising¡¡him¡¡his¡¡friendship¡£¡¡The¡¡pope
acceding¡¡to¡¡his¡¡request£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡princes¡¡assented¡£¡¡Desiderius¡¡kept
faith¡¡at¡¡first£»¡¡and¡¡proceeded¡¡to¡¡resign¡¡the¡¡districts¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pope£»
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magnitude¡¡and¡¡success¡¡of¡¡his¡¡enterprises£»¡¡was¡¡called¡¡Charlemagne£»¡¡or
Charles¡¡the¡¡Great¡£¡¡Theodore¡¡I¡£¡¡now¡¡succeeded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡papacy£»¡¡and
discord¡¡arising¡¡between¡¡him¡¡and¡¡Desiderius£»¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡besieged¡¡him¡¡in
Rome¡£¡¡The¡¡pope¡¡requested¡¡assistance¡¡of¡¡Charles£»¡¡who£»¡¡having¡¡crossed
the¡¡Alps£»¡¡besieged¡¡Desiderius¡¡in¡¡Pavai£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡took¡¡both¡¡him¡¡and¡¡his
children£»¡¡and¡¡sent¡¡them¡¡prisoners¡¡to¡¡France¡£¡¡He¡¡then¡¡went¡¡to¡¡visit¡¡the
pontiff¡¡at¡¡Rome£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡declared£»¡¡THAT¡¡THE¡¡POPE£»¡¡BEING¡¡VICAR¡¡OF¡¡GOD£»
COULD¡¡NOT¡¡BE¡¡JUDGED¡¡BY¡¡MEN¡£¡¡The¡¡pope¡¡and¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡Rome¡¡made¡¡him
emperor£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡Rome¡¡began¡¡to¡¡have¡¡an¡¡emperor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡west¡£¡¡And
whereas¡¡the¡¡popes¡¡used¡¡to¡¡be¡¡established¡¡by¡¡the¡¡emperors£»¡¡the¡¡latter
now¡¡began¡¡to¡¡have¡¡need¡¡of¡¡the¡¡popes¡¡at¡¡their¡¡elections£»¡¡the¡¡empire
continued¡¡to¡¡lose¡¡its¡¡powers£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡church¡¡acquired¡¡them£»¡¡and£»¡¡by
these¡¡means£»¡¡she¡¡constantly¡¡extended¡¡her¡¡authority¡¡over¡¡temporal
princes¡£
The¡¡Lombards£»¡¡having¡¡now¡¡been¡¡two¡¡hundred¡¡and¡¡thirty¡two¡¡years¡¡in¡¡the
country£»¡¡were¡¡strangers¡¡only¡¡in¡¡name£»¡¡and¡¡Charles£»¡¡wishing¡¡to
reorganize¡¡the¡¡states¡¡of¡¡Italy£»¡¡consented¡¡that¡¡they¡¡should¡¡occupy¡¡the
places¡¡in¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡been¡¡brought¡¡up£»¡¡and¡¡call¡¡the¡¡province¡¡after
their¡¡own¡¡name£»¡¡Lombardy¡£¡¡That¡¡they¡¡might¡¡be¡¡led¡¡to¡¡respect¡¡the¡¡Roman
name£»¡¡he¡¡ordered¡¡all¡¡that¡¡part¡¡of¡¡Italy¡¡adjoining¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡which¡¡had
been¡¡under¡¡the¡¡exarchate¡¡of¡¡Ravenna£»¡¡to¡¡be¡¡called¡¡Romagna¡£¡¡Besides
this£»¡¡he¡¡created¡¡his¡¡son¡¡Pepin£»¡¡king¡¡of¡¡Italy£»¡¡whose¡¡dominion¡¡extended
to¡¡Benevento£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡being¡¡possessed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Greek¡¡emperor£»¡¡with
whom¡¡Charles¡¡was¡¡in¡¡league¡£¡¡About¡¡this¡¡time¡¡Pascal¡¡I¡£¡¡occupied¡¡the
pontificate£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡priests¡¡of¡¡the¡¡churches¡¡of¡¡Rome£»¡¡from¡¡being¡¡near
to¡¡the¡¡pope£»¡¡and¡¡attending¡¡the¡¡elec