history of florence-第12节

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government　of　the　city；　and　appoint　senators　according　to　his　own

pleasure。　The　pope　again　declared　Louis　of　Tarento；　king；　and　in

gratitude　for　the　benefit；　Queen　Joan　gave　Avignon；　her　inheritance；

to　the　church。　About　this　time　Luchino　Visconti　died；　and　his　brother

the　archbishop；　remaining　lord　of　Milan；　carried　on　many　wars　against

Tuscany　and　his　neighbors；　and　became　very　powerful。　Bernabo　and

Galeazzo；　his　nephews；　succeeded　him；　but　Galeazzo　soon　after　died；

leaving　Giovan　Galeazzo；　who　shared　the　state　with　Bernabo。　Charles；

king　of　Bohemia；　was　then　emperor；　and　the　pontificate　was　occupied　by

Innocent　VI。；　who　sent　Cardinal　Egidio；　a　Spaniard；　into　Italy。　He

restored　the　reputation　of　the　church；　not　only　in　Rome　and　Romagna；

but　throughout　the　whole　of　Italy；　he　recovered　Bologna　from　the

archbishop　of　Milan；　and　compelled　the　Romans　to　accept　a　foreign

senator　appointed　annually　by　the　pope。　He　made　honorable　terms　with

the　Visconti；　and　routed　and　took　prisoner；　John　Agut；　an　Englishman；

who　with　four　thousand　English　had　fought　on　the　side　of　the

Ghibellines　in　Tuscany。　Urban　V。；　hearing　of　so　many　victories；

resolved　to　visit　Italy　and　Rome；　whither　also　the　emperor　came；　after

remaining　a　few　months；　he　returned　to　the　kingdom　of　Bohemia；　and　the

pope　to　Avignon。　On　the　death　of　Urban；　Gregory　XI。　was　created　pope；

and；　as　the　Cardinal　Egidio　was　dead；　Italy　again　recommenced　her

ancient　discords；　occasioned　by　the　union　of　the　other　powers　against

the　Visconti；　and　the　pope；　having　first　sent　a　legate　with　six

thousand　Bretons；　came　in　person　and　established　the　papal　court　at

Rome　in　1376；　after　an　absence　of　seventy…one　years　in　France。　To

Gregory　XI。；　succeeded　Urban　VI。；　but　shortly　afterwards　Clement　VI。

was　elected　at　Fondi　by　ten　cardinals；　who　declared　the　appointment　of

Urban　irregular。　At　this　time；　the　Genoese　threw　off　the　yoke　of　the

Visconti　under　whom　they　had　lived　many　years；　and　between　them　and

the　Venetians　several　important　battles　were　fought　for　the　island　of

Tenedos。　Although　the　Genoese　were　for　a　time　successful；　and　held

Venice　in　a　state　of　siege　during　many　months；　the　Venetians　were　at

length　victorious；　and　by　the　intervention　of　the　pope；　peace　was　made

in　the　year　1381。　In　these　wars；　artillery　was　first　used；　having　been

recently　invented　by　the　Dutch。







CHAPTER　VII



　　Schism　in　the　churchAmbitious　views　of　Giovanni　Galeazzo

　　ViscontiThe　pope　and　the　Romans　come　to　an　agreementBoniface

　　IX。　introduces　the　practice　of　AnnatesDisturbance　in　Lombardy

　　The　Venetians　acquire　dominion　on　terra　firmaDifferences　between

　　the　pope　and　the　people　of　RomeCouncil　of　PisaCouncil　of

　　ConstanceFilippo　Visconti　recovers　his　dominionGiovanna　II。　of

　　NaplesPolitical　condition　of　Italy。



A　schism　having　thus　arisen　in　the　church；　Queen　Joan　favored　the

schismatic　pope；　upon　which　Urban　caused　Charles　of　Durazzo；　descended

from　the　kings　of　Naples；　to　undertake　the　conquest　of　her　dominions。

Having　succeeded　in　his　object；　she　fled　to　France；　and　he　assumed　the

sovereignty。　The　king　of　France；　being　exasperated；　sent　Louis　of

Anjou　into　Italy　to　recover　the　kingdom　for　the　queen；　to　expel　Urban

from　Rome；　and　establish　the　anti…pope。　But　in　the　midst　of　this

enterprise　Louis　died；　and　his　people　being　routed　returned　to　France。

In　this　conjuncture　the　pope　went　to　Naples；　where　he　put　nine

cardinals　into　prison　for　having　taken　the　part　of　France　and　the

anti…pope。　He　then　became　offended　with　the　king；　for　having　refused

to　make　his　nephew　prince　of　Capua；　and　pretending　not　to　care　about

it；　requested　he　would　grant　him　Nocera　for　his　habitation；　but；

having　fortified　it；　he　prepared　to　deprive　the　king　of　his　dominions。

upon　this　the　king　pitched　his　camp　before　the　place；　and　the　pope

fled　to　Naples；　where　he　put　to　death　the　cardinals　whom　he　had

imprisoned。　From　thence　he　proceeded　to　Rome；　and；　to　acquire

influence；　created　twenty…nine　cardinals。　At　this　time　Charles；　king

of　Naples；　went　to　Hungary；　where；　having　been　made　king；　he　was

shortly　afterward　killed　in　battle；　leaving　a　wife　and　two　children　at

Naples。　About　the　same　time　Giovanni　Galeazzo　Visconti　murdered

Bernabo　his　uncle　and　took　the　entire　sovereignty　upon　himself；　and；

not　content　with　being　duke　of　Milan　and　sovereign　of　the　whole　of

Lombardy；　designed　to　make　himself　master　of　Tuscany；　but　while　he　was

intent　upon　occupying　the　province　with　the　ultimate　view　of　making

himself　king　of　Italy；　he　died。　Boniface　IX。　succeeded　Urban　VI。　The

anti…pope；　Clement　VI。；　also　died；　and　Benedict　XIII。　was　appointed

his　successor。



Many　English；　Germans；　and　Bretons　served　at　this　period　in　the　armies

of　Italy；　commanded　partly　by　those　leaders　who　had　from　time　to　time

authority　in　the　country；　and　partly　by　such　as　the　pontiffs　sent；

when　they　were　at　Avignon。　With　these　warriors　the　princes　of　Italy

long　carried　on　their　wars；　till　the　coming　of　Lodovico　da　Cento　of

Romagna；　who　formed　a　body　of　Italian　soldiery；　called　the　Company　of

St。　George；　whose　valor　and　discipline　soon　caused　the　foreign　troops

to　fall　into　disrepute；　and　gave　reputation　to　the　native　forces　of

the　country；　of　which　the　princes　afterward　availed　themselves　in

their　wars　with　each　other。　The　pope；　Boniface　IX。；　being　at　enmity

with　the　Romans；　went　to　Scesi；　where　he　remained　till　the　jubilee　of

1400；　when　the　Romans；　to　induce　him　to　return　to　the　city；　consented

to　receive　another　foreign　senator　of　his　appointing；　and　also　allowed

him　to　fortify　the　castle　of　Saint　Angelo：　having　returned　upon　these

conditions；　in　order　to　enrich　the　church；　he　ordained　that　everyone；

upon　vacating　a　benefice；　should　pay　a　year's　value　of　it　to　the

Apostolic　Chamber。



After　the　death　of　Giovanni　Galeazzo；　duke　of　Milan；　although　he　left

two　children；　Giovanmaria　and　Filippo；　the　state　was　divided　into　many

parts；　and　in　the　troubles　which　ensued　Giovanmaria　was　slain。　Filippo

remained　some　time　in　the　castle　of　Pavia；　from　which；　through　the

fidelity　and　virtue　of　the　castellan；　he　escaped。　Among　others　who

occupied　cities　possessed　by　his　father；　was　Guglielmo　della　Scala；

who；　being　banished；　fell　into　the　hands　of　Francesco　de　Carrera；　lord

of　Padua；　by　whose　means　he　recovered　the　state　of　Verona；　in　which　he

only　remained　a　short　time；　for　he　was　poisoned；　by　order　of

Francesco；　and　the　city　taken　from　him。　These　things　occasioned　the

people　of　Vicenza；　who　had　lived　in　security　under　the　protection　of

the　Visconti；　to　dread　the　greatness　of　the　lord　of　Padua；　and　they

placed　themselves　under　the　Venetians；　who；　engaging　in　arms　with　him；

first　took　Verona　and　then　Padua。



At　this　time　Pope　Boniface　died；　and　was　succeeded　by　Innocent　VII。

The　people　of　Rome　supplicated　him　to　restore　to　them　their　fortresses

and　their　liberty；　but　as　he　would　not　consent　to　their　petition；　they

called　to　their　assistance　Ladislaus；　king　of　Naples。　Becoming

reconciled　to　the　people；　the　pope　returned　to　Rome；　and　made　his

nephew　Lodovico　count　of　La　Marca。　Innocent　soon　after　died；　and

Gregory　XII。　was　created；　upon　the　understanding　to　renounce　the

papacy　whenever　the　anti…pope　would　also　renounce　it。　By　the　advice　of

the　cardinals；　in　order　to　attempt　the　reunion　of　the　church；

Benedict；　the　anti…pope；　came　to　Porto　Venere；　and　Gregory　to　Lucca；

where　they　made　many　endeavors；　but　effected　nothing。　Upon　this；　the

cardinals　of　both　the　popes　abandoned　them；　Benedict　going　to　Spain；

and　Gregory　to　Rimini。　On　the　other　hand；　the　cardinals；　with　the

favor　of　Balthazar　Cossa；　cardinal　and　legate　of　Bologna；　appointed　a

council　at　Pisa；　where　they　created　Alexander　V。；　who　immediately

excommunicated　King　Ladislaus；　and　invested　Louis　of　Anjou　with　the

kingdom；　this　prince；　with　the　Florentines；　Genoese；　and　Venetians；

attacked　Ladislaus　and　drove　him　from　Rome。　In　the　head　of　the　war

Alexander　died；　and　Balthazar　Cossa　succeeded　him；　with　the　title　of

John　XXIII。　Leaving　Bologna；　where　he　was　elected；　he　went　to　Rome；

and　found　there　Louis　of　Anjou；　who　had　brought　the　army　from

Provence；　and　coming　to　an　engagement　with　Ladislaus；　routed　him。　But

by　the　mismanagement　of　the　leaders；　they　were　unable　to　prosecute　the

victory；　so　that　the　king　in　a　short　time　gathered　strength　and　retook

Rome。　Louis　fled　to　Provence；　the　pope　to　Bologna；　where；　considering

how　he　might　diminish　the　power　of　Ladislaus；　he　caused　Sigismund；

king　of　Hungary；　to　be　elected　emperor；　and　advised　him　to　come　to

Italy。　Having　a　personal　interview　at　Mantua；　they　agreed　to　call　a

general　council；　in　which　the　church　should　be　united；　and　having

effected　this；　the　pope　thought　he　should　be　fully　enabled　to　oppose

the　forces　of　his　enemies。



At　this　time　there　were　three　popes；　Gregory；　Benedict；　and　Giovanni；

which　kept　the　church　weak　and　in　disrepute。　The　city　of　Constance；　in

Germany；