history of florence-第10节

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in　the　night　took　him　prisoner。　And　although　the　people　of　Anagnia　set

him　at　liberty　shortly　after；　yet　from　grief　at　the　injury　he　died

mad。　Boniface　was　founder　of　the　jubilee　in　1300；　and　fixed　that　it

should　be　celebrated　at　each　revolution　of　one　hundred　years。　In　those

times　various　troubles　arose　between　the　Guelph　and　Ghibelline

factions；　and　the　emperors　having　abandoned　Italy；　many　places　became

free；　and　many　were　occupied　by　tyrants。　Pope　Benedict　restored　the

scarlet　hat　to　the　cardinals　of　the　Colonnesi　family；　and　reblessed

Philip；　king　of　France。　He　was　succeeded　by　Clement　V。；　who；　being　a

Frenchman；　removed　the　papal　court　to　Avignon　in　1305。







CHAPTER　VI



　　The　Emperor　Henry　comes　into　ItalyThe　Florentines　take　the　part

　　of　the　popeThe　Visconti　originate　the　duchy　of　MilanArtifice

　　of　Maffeo　Visconti　against　the　family　of　de　la　TorreGiovanni

　　Galeazzo　Visconti；　first　duke　of　MilanThe　Emperor　Louis　in　Italy

　　John；　king　of　Bohemia；　in　ItalyLeague　against　the　king　of

　　Bohemia　and　the　pope's　legateOrigin　of　VeniceLiberty　of　the

　　Venetians　confirmed　by　Pepin　and　the　Greek　emperorGreatness　of

　　VeniceDecline　of　VeniceDiscord　between　the　pope　and　the

　　emperorGiovanna；　queen　of　NaplesRienziThe　jubilee　reduced　to

　　fifty　yearsSuccession　of　the　duke　of　MilanCardinal　Egidio　the

　　pope's　legateWar　between　the　Genoese　and　the　Venetians。



At　this　time；　Charles　II。　of　Naples　died；　and　was　succeeded　by　his　son

Robert。　Henry　of　Luxemburg　had　been　elected　to　the　empire；　and　came　to

Rome　for　his　coronation；　although　the　pope　was　not　there。　His　coming

occasioned　great　excitement　in　Lombardy；　for　he　sent　all　the　banished

to　their　homes；　whether　they　were　Guelphs　or　Ghibellines；　and　in

consequence　of　this；　one　faction　endeavoring　to　drive　out　the　other；

the　whole　province　was　filled　with　war；　nor　could　the　emperor　with　all

his　endeavors　abate　its　fury。　Leaving　Lombardy　by　way　of　Genoa；　he

came　to　Pisa；　where　he　endeavored　to　take　Tuscany　from　King　Robert；

but　not　being　successful；　he　went　to　Rome；　where　he　remained　only　a

few　days；　being　driven　away　by　the　Orsini　with　the　consent　of　King

Robert；　and　returned　to　Pisa；　and　that　he　might　more　securely　make　war

upon　Tuscany；　and　wrest　the　country　from　the　hands　of　the　king；　he

caused　it　to　be　assailed　by　Frederick；　monarch　of　Sicily。　But　when　he

was　in　hope　of　occupying　Tuscany　and　robbing　the　king　of　Naples　of　his

dominions；　he　died；　and　was　succeeded　by　Louis　of　Bavaria。　About　the

same　period；　John　XXII。　attained　the　papacy；　during　whose　time　the

emperor　still　continued　to　persecute　the　Guelphs　and　the　church；　but

they　were　defended　by　Robert　and　the　Florentines。　Many　wars　took　place

in　Lombardy　between　the　Visconti　and　the　Guelphs；　and　in　Tuscany

between　Castruccio　of　Lucca　and　the　Florentines。　As　the　family　of

Visconti　gave　rise　to　the　duchy　of　Milan；　one　of　the　five

principalities　which　afterward　governed　Italy；　I　shall　speak　of　them

from　a　rather　earlier　date。



Milan；　upon　recovering　from　the　ruin　into　which　she　had　been　thrown　by

Frederick　Barbarossa；　in　revenge　for　her　injuries；　joined　the　league

formed　by　the　Lombard　cities　for　their　common　defense；　this　restrained

him；　and　for　awhile　preserved　alive　the　interests　of　the　church　in

Lombardy。　In　the　course　of　the　wars　which　followed；　the　family　of　La

Torre　became　very　potent　in　that　city；　and　their　reputation　increased

so　long　as　the　emperor　possessed　little　authority　in　the　province。　But

Frederick　II。　coming　into　Italy；　and　the　Ghibelline　party；　by　the

influence　of　Ezelin　having　grown　powerful；　seeds　of　the　same　faction

sprang　up　in　all　the　cities。　In　Milan　were　the　Visconti；　who　expelled

the　La　Torres；　these；　however；　did　not　remain　out；　for　by　agreement

between　the　emperor　and　the　pope　they　were　restored　to　their　country。

For　when　the　pope　and　his　court　removed　to　France；　and　the　emperor；

Henry　of　Luxemburg；　came　into　Italy；　with　the　pretext　of　going　to　Rome

for　his　crown；　he　was　received　in　Milan　by　Maffeo　Visconti　and　Guido

della　Torre；　who　were　then　the　heads　of　these　families。　But　Maffeo；

designing　to　make　use　of　the　emperor　for　the　purpose　of　expelling

Guido；　and　thinking　the　enterprise　not　difficult；　on　account　of　the　La

Torre　being　of　the　contrary　faction　to　the　imperial；　took　occasion；

from　the　remarks　which　the　people　made　of　the　uncivil　behavior　of　the

Germans；　to　go　craftily　about　and　excite　the　populace　to　arm

themselves　and　throw　off　the　yoke　of　these　barbarians。　When　a　suitable

moment　arrived；　he　caused　a　person　in　whom　he　confided　to　create　a

tumult；　upon　which　the　people　took　arms　against　the　Germans。　But　no

sooner　was　the　mischief　well　on　foot；　than　Maffeo；　with　his　sons　and

their　partisans；　ran　to　Henry；　telling　him　that　all　the　disturbance

had　been　occasioned　by　the　La　Torre　family；　who；　not　content　to　remain

peaceably　in　Milan；　had　taken　the　opportunity　to　plunder　him；　that

they　might　ingratiate　themselves　with　the　Guelphs　of　Italy　and　become

princes　in　the　city；　they　then　bade　him　be　of　good　cheer；　for　they；

with　their　party；　whenever　he　wished　it；　were　ready　to　defend　him　with

their　lives。　Henry；　believing　all　that　Maffeo　told　him；　joined　his

forces　to　those　of　the　Visconti；　and　attacking　the　La　Torre；　who　were

in　various　parts　of　the　city　endeavoring　to　quell　the　tumult；　slew　all

upon　whom　they　could　lay　hands；　and　having　plundered　the　others　of

their　property；　sent　them　into　exile。　By　this　artifice；　Maffeo

Visconti　became　a　prince　of　Milan。　Of　him　remained　Galeazzo　and　Azzo；

and；　after　these；　Luchino　and　Giovanni。　Giovanni　became　archbishop　of

Milan；　and　of　Luchino；　who　died　before　him；　were　left　Bernabo　and

Galeazzo；　Galeazzo；　dying　soon　after；　left　a　son　called　the　Count　of

Virtu；　who　after　the　death　of　the　archbishop；　contrived　the　murder　of

his　uncle；　Bernabo；　became　prince　of　Milan；　and　was　the　first　who　had

the　title　of　duke。　The　duke　left　Filippo　and　Giovanmaria　Angelo；　the

latter　of　whom　being　slain　by　the　people　of　Milan；　the　state　fell　to

Filippo；　but　he　having　no　male　heir；　Milan　passed　from　the　family　of

Visconti　to　that　of　Sforza；　in　the　manner　to　be　related　hereafter。



But　to　return　to　the　point　from　which　we　deviated。　The　Emperor　Louis；

to　add　to　the　importance　of　his　party　and　to　receive　the　crown；　came

into　Italy；　and　being　at　Milan；　as　an　excuse　for　taking　money　of　the

Milanese；　he　pretended　to　make　them　free　and　to　put　the　Visconti　in

prison；　but　shortly　afterwards　he　released　them；　and；　having　gone　to

Rome；　in　order　to　disturb　Italy　with　less　difficulty；　he　made　Piero

della　Corvara　anti…pope；　by　whose　influence；　and　the　power　of　the

Visconti；　he　designed　to　weaken　the　opposite　faction　in　Tuscany　and

Lombardy。　But　Castruccio　died；　and　his　death　caused　the　failure　of　the

emperor's　purpose；　for　Pisa　and　Lucca　rebelled。　The　Pisans　sent　Piero

della　Corvara　a　prisoner　to　the　pope　in　France；　and　the　emperor；

despairing　of　the　affairs　of　Italy；　returned　to　Germany。　He　had

scarcely　left；　before　John　king　of　Bohemia　came　into　the　country；　at

the　request　of　the　Ghibellines　of　Brescia；　and　made　himself　lord　of

that　city　and　of　Bergamo。　And　as　his　entry　was　with　the　consent　of　the

pope；　although　he　feigned　the　contrary；　the　legate　of　Bologna　favored

him；　thinking　by　this　means　to　prevent　the　return　of　the　emperor。　This

caused　a　change　in　the　parties　of　Italy；　for　the　Florentines　and　King

Robert；　finding　the　legate　was　favorable　to　the　enterprises　of　the

Ghibellines；　became　foes　of　all　those　to　whom　the　legate　and　the　king

of　Bohemia　were　friendly。　Without　having　regard　for　either　faction；

whether　Guelph　or　Ghibelline；　many　princes　joined　them；　of　whom；　among

others；　were　the　Visconti；　the　Della　Scala；　Filippo　Gonzao　of　Mantua；

the　Carrara；　and　those　of　Este。　Upon　this　the　pope　excommunicated　them

all。　The　king；　in　fear　of　the　league；　went　to　collect　forces　in　his

own　country；　and　having　returned　with　a　large　army；　still　found　his

undertaking　a　difficult　one；　so；　seeing　his　error；　he　withdrew　to

Bohemia；　to　the　great　displeasure　of　the　legate；　leaving　only　Reggio

and　Modena　guarded；　and　Parma　in　the　care　of　Marsilio　and　Piero

de'　Rossi；　who　were　the　most　powerful　men　in　the　city。　The　king　of

Bohemia　being　gone；　Bologna　joined　the　league；　and　the　leaguers

divided　among　themselves　the　four　cities　which　remained　of　the　church

faction。　They　agreed　that　Parma　should　pertain　to　the　Della　Scalla；

Reggio　to　the　Gonzaga；　Modena　to　the　family　of　Este；　and　Lucca　to　the

Florentines。　But　in　taking　possession　of　these　cities；　many　disputes

arose　which　were　afterward　in　a　great　measure　settled　by　the

Venetians。　Some；　perhaps；　will　think　it　a　species　of　impropriety　that

we　have　so　long　deferred　speaking　of　the　Venetians；　theirs　being　a

republic；　which；　both　on　account　of　its　power　and　internal

regulations；　deserves　to　be　celebrated　above　any　principality　of

Italy。　But　that　this　surprise　may　cease　when