philosophy of right-第4节

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judiciary　and　the　police。　
§　288　Corporations；　&c。；　will　be　appointed　by　a　mixture　of　popular　election　and　ratification　by
higher　authority。　
§　289　（a）　the　executive　civil　servants；　and　（b）　the　higher　advisory　officials。　
§　290　Division　of　labour　in　the　business　of　the　executive。　
§　291　The　objective　factor　in　the　appointment　of　officials　is　knowledge　and　proof　of　ability。　
§　292　Since　the　qualification　for　the　civil　service　is　not　genius；　there　is　an　indefinite　plurality　of
eligible　candidates。　
§　293　While　the　actions　of　the　officials　are　their　duty；　their　office　is　also　a　right　exempt　from
contingency。　
§　294　Once　an　individual　has　been　appointed　by　the　sovereign's　act；　his　tenure　is　conditional　on
his　fulfilling　its　duties。　
§　295　Security　against　misuse　of　power　by　officials　lies　in　their　hierarchical　accountability；　&　the
authority　of　the　Corporations。　
§　296　Officials　gain　the　habit　of　adopting　universal　interests；　points　of　view；　and　activities。　
§　297　The　sovereign　works　on　the　middle　class　at　the　top；　and　Corporations　work　on　it　at　the
bottom。　

_____（c）　The　Legislature　
§　298　The　legislature　is　itself　a　part　of　the　constitution　but　the　constitution　develops　with　the
further　elaboration　of　laws。　
§　299　＇a＇　provision　by　the　state　for　their　well…being　and　happiness；　and　＇b＇　the　exaction　of
services　from　them。　
§　300　The　last　moment　in　the　legislature　is　the　Estates。　
§　301　The　Estates　have　the　function　of　bringing　public　affairs　into　existence　not　only　implicitly；　but
also　actually。　
§　302　The　Estates　stand　between　the　government　on　one　hand　and　the　nation　broken　up　into
particulars　on　the　other。　
§　303　The　class　of　civil　servants　must　have　the　universal　as　the　end　of　its　essential　activity。　
§　304　The　Estates　still　retain　the　class　distinctions　already　present　in　the　lower　spheres　of　civil　life。

§　305　Members　of　the　agricultural　class　attain　their　position　by　birth；　just　as　the　monarch　does。　
§　306　The　agricultural　class　is　particularly　fitted　for　political　position。　
§　307　The　right　of　this　section　of　the　agricultural　class　is　based　on　the　natural　principle　of　the
family。　
§　308　The　section　of　the　Estates　comprises　the　fluctuating　element　&　can　enter　politics　only
through　its　deputies。　
§　309　Deputies　are　elected　to　deliberate　on　public　affair　on　the　strength　of　confidence　felt　in　them。

§　310　The　deputy　acquires　and　develops　a　managerial　and　political　sense；　tested　by　his
experience。　
§　311　Since　civil　society　is　the　electorate；　the　deputies　should　be　conversant　with　its　particular
interests。　
§　312　Each　class　in　the　Estates　contributes　something　peculiarly　its　own　to　the　work　of
deliberation。　
§　313　The　upper　and　lower　houses。　
§　314　The　distinctive　purpose　of　the　Estates　is　in　their　pooled　political　knowledge。　
§　315　Public　opinion　reaches　thoughts　that　are　true　and　attains　insight　into　the　concept　of　the　state
and　its　affairs。　
§　316　Public　opinion　is　a　standing　self…contradiction；　the　essential　is　just　as　directly　present　as　the
inessential。　
§　317　Public　opinion　has　common　sense；　but　is　infected　by　accidents　of　opinion；　ignorance　and
perversity。　
§　318　To　be　independent　of　public　opinion　is　the　first　formal　condition　of　achieving　anything　great
or　rational。　
§　319　Free　speech　is　assured　by　the　innocuous　character　which　it　acquires　as　a　result　of　the
stability　of　government。　
§　320　Subjectivity　is　manifested　in　the　substantial　will　of　the　state；　the　subjectivity　of　the　crown。　

_____Foreign　relations　
§　321　The　state　has　individuality；　and　in　the　sovereign　an　actual；　immediate　individual。　
§　322　Individuality　manifests　itself　in　the　state　as　a　relation　to　other　states。　
§　323　The　relation　of　one　state　to　another　is　that　moment　in　the　state　which　is　most　supremely　its
own。　
§　324　The　individual's　duty　is　to　maintain　the　sovereignty　of　the　state；　at　the　risk　and　sacrifice　of
property　and　life。　
§　325　Sacrifice　on　behalf　of　the　state　is　the　substantial　tie　between　the　state　and　all　its　members。　
§　326　If　the　state　as　such　is　in　jeopardy；　all　its　citizens　are　in　duty　bound　to　answer　the　summons
to　its　defence。　
§　327　The　courageous　man's　motive　may　be　some　particular　reason　or　other；　and　even　the　result
not　intended。　
§　328　The　work　of　courage　is　to　actualise　this　final　end；　the　sovereignty　of　the　state。　
§　329　It　directly　devolves　on　the　monarch　to　command　the　armed　forces　and　to　conduct　foreign
affairs。　

___B：　International　Law　
§　330　International　law　springs　from　the　relations　between　autonomous　states。　
§　331　The　nation　state　is　mind　in　its　substantive　rationality　and　immediate　actuality　—　the　absolute
power　on　earth。　
§　332　The　subject…matter　of　these　contracts　between　states　is　infinitely　less　varied　than　it　is　in　civil
society。　
§　333　The　fundamental　proposition　of　international　law　is　that　treaties　ought　to　be　kept。　
§　334　It　follows　that　if　states　disagree；　the　matter　can　only　be　settled　by　war。　
§　335　Danger　threatening　from　another　state　is　a　cause　of　strife。　
§　336　Welfare　is　the　highest　law　governing　the　relation　of　one　state　to　another。　
§　337　Government　is　a　matter　of　particular　wisdom；　not　of　universal　Providence。　
§　338　War　should　be　not　waged　against　domestic　institutions；　against　the　peace　of　family　and
private　life。　
§　339　Relations　between　states　depend　principally　upon　the　customs　of　nations。　
§　340　The　mind　of　the　world；　exercises　its　right　in　the　'history　of　the　world　which　is　the　world's
court　of　judgement'。　

___C：　World　History　
§　341　World　history　is　a　court　of　judgement。　
§　342　World　history　is　not　the　verdict　of　mere　might；　but　actualisation　of　the　universal　mind。　
§　343　The　history　of　mind　is　its　own　act。　
§　344　States；　nations；　and　individuals　are　all　the　time　the　unconscious　tools　of　the　world　mind　at
work　within　them。　
§　345　Each　stage　of　world…history　is　a　necessary　moment　in　the　Idea　of　the　world　mind。　
§　346　History　is　mind　clothing　itself　with　the　form　of　events。　
§　347　The　nation　ascribed　a　moment　of　the　Idea　is　entrusted　with　giving　complete　effect　to　it。　
§　348　World…historical　actions；　culminate　with　individuals　as　subjects　—　living　instruments　of　the
world　mind。　
§　349　The　transition　from　a　family；　a　horde；　&c。；　to　political　conditions　is　the　realisation　of　the
Idea　as　that　nation。　
§　350　The　right　of　heroes　to　found　states。　
§　351　Civilised　nations　are　justified　in　regarding　as　barbarians　those　who　lag　behind　them　in
institutions。　
§　352　Four　world…historical　realms。　
§　353　The　substantial　mind；　ethical　individuality　as　beauty；　mind…forsaken　&　actual　laws。　
§　354　（1）　The　Oriental；　（2）　Greek；　（3）　Roman；　and　（4）　Germanic　principle。　
§　355　（1）　The　Oriental　realm。　
§　356　（2）　The　Greek　realm。　
§　357　（3）　The　Roman　realm。　
§　358　（4）　The　Germanic　realm。　
§　359　The　power　of　mind　over　the　mundane　heart；　acts　against　the　latter　as　a　compulsive　and
frightful　force。　
§　360　The　realm　of　mind　lowers　itself　to　an　earthly　here　and　now　and　the　mundane　realm　builds
up　into　thought。　




Preface

THE　immediate　occasion　for　publishing　these　outlines　is　the　need　of　placing　in　the
bands　of　my　hearers　a　guide　to　my　professional　lectures　upon　the　Philosophy　of
Right。　Hitherto　I　have　used　as　lectures　that　portion　of　the　Encyclopaedia　of　the
Philosophic　Sciences　（1817）　which　deals　with　this　subject。　The　present　work
covers　the　same　ground　in　a　more　detailed　and　systematic　way。　

But　now　that　these　outlines　are　to　be　printed　and　given　to　the　general　public；　there
is　an　opportunity　of　explaining　points　which　in　lecturing　would　be　commented　on
orally。　Thus　the　notes　are　enlarged　in　order　to　include　cognate　or　conflicting　ideas；
further　consequences　of　the　theory　advocated；　and　the　like。　These　expanded
notes　will；　it　is　hoped；　throw　light　upon　the　more　abstract　substance　of　the　text；
and　present　a　more　complete　view　of　some　of　the　ideas　currant　in　our　own　time。
Moreover；　there　is　also　subjoined；　as　far　as　was　compatible　with　the　purpose　of　a
compendium；　a　number　of　notes；　ranging　over　a　still　greater　latitude。　A
compendium　proper；　like　a　science；　has　its　subject…matter　accurately　laid　out。
With　the　exception；　possibly；　of　one　or　two　slight　additions；　its　chief　task　is　to
arrange　the　essential　phases　of　its　material。　This　material　is　regarded　as　fixed　and
known；　just　as　the　form　is　assumed　to　be　governed　by　well…ascertained　rules。　A
treatise　in　philosophy　is　usually　not　expected　to　be　constructed　on　such　a　pattern；
perhaps　because　people　suppose　that　a　philosophical　product　is　a　Penelope's　web
which　must　be　started　anew　every　day。　

This　treatise　differs　from　the　ordinary　compendium　mainly　in　its　method　of
procedure。　It　must　be　understood　at　the　outset　that　the　philosophic　way　of
advancing　from　one　matter　to　another；　the　general　speculative　method；　which　is
the　only　kind　of　scientific　proof　available　in　philosophy；　is　essentially　different
from　every　other。　Only　a　clear　insight　into　the　necessity　for　this　difference　can
snatch　philosophy　out　of　the　ignominious　condition　into　which　it　has　fallen　in　our
day。　True；　the　logical　rules；　such　as　those　of　definition；　classification；　and
inference