record of buddhistic kingdoms-第7节
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only of support in the way of substantial contributions given to monks； monasteries； and Buddhism； but generally of all Buddhistic worship； if I may use that term in the connexion。 Let me here quote two or three sentences from Davids' Manual （pp。 168…170）：〃The members of the order are secured from want。 There is no place in the Buddhist scheme for churches； the offering of flowers before the sacred tree or image of the Buddha takes the place of worship。 Buddhism does not acknowledge the efficacy of prayers； and in the warm countries where Buddhists live； the occasional reading of the law； or preaching of the word； in public； can take place best in the open air； by moonlight； under a simple roof of trees or palms。 There are five principal kinds of meditation； which in Buddhism takes the place of prayer。〃
CHAPTER IV
THROUGH THE TS'UNG OR 〃ONION〃 MOUNTAINS TO K'EEH…CH'A；PROBABLY SKARDO； OR SOME CITY MORE TO THE EAST IN LADAK
When the processions of images in the fourth month were over； Sang… shao； by himself alone； followed a Tartar who was an earnest follower of the Law；＇1＇ and proceeded towards Kophene。＇2＇ Fa…hien and the others went forward to the kingdom of Tsze…hoh； which it took them twenty…five days to reach。＇3＇ Its king was a strenuous follower of our Law；＇4＇ and had （around him） more than a thousand monks； mostly students of the mahayana。 Here （the travellers） abode fifteen days； and then went south for four days； when they found themselves among the Ts'ung…ling mountains； and reached the country of Yu…hwuy；＇5＇ where they halted and kept their retreat。＇6＇ When this was over； they went on among the hills＇7＇ for twenty…five days； and got to K'eeh… ch'a；＇8＇ there rejoining Hwuy…king＇9＇ and his two companions。
NOTES
＇1＇ This Tartar is called a ｛。｝ ｛。｝； 〃a man of the Tao；〃 or faith of Buddha。 It occurs several times in the sequel； and denotes the man who is not a Buddhist outwardly only； but inwardly as well； whose faith is always making itself manifest in his ways。 The name may be used of followers of other systems of faith besides Buddhism。
＇2＇ See the account of the kingdom of Kophene； in the 96th Book of the first Han Records； p。 78； where its capital is said to be 12；200 le from Ch'ang…gan。 It was the whole or part of the present Cabulistan。 The name of Cophene is connected with the river Kophes； supposed to be the same as the present Cabul river； which falls into the Indus； from the west； at Attock； after passing Peshawar。 The city of Cabul； the capital of Afghanistan； may be the Kophene of the text； but we do not know that Sang…shao and his guide got so far west。 The text only says that they set out from Khoten 〃towards it。〃
＇3＇ Tsze…hoh has not been identified。 Beal thinks it was Yarkand； which； however； was north…west from Khoten。 Watters （〃China Review；〃 p。 135） rather approves the suggestion of 〃Tashkurgan in Sirikul〃 for it。 As it took Fa…hien twenty…five days to reach it； it must have been at least 150 miles from Khoten。
＇4＇ The king is described here by a Buddhistic phrase； denoting the possession of viryabala； 〃the power of energy； persevering exertion one of the five moral powers〃 （E。 H。； p。 170）。
＇5＇ Nor has Yu…hwuy been clearly identified。 Evidently it was directly south from Tsze…hoh； and among the 〃Onion〃 mountains。 Watters hazards the conjecture that it was the Aktasch of our present maps。
＇6＇ This was the retreat already twice mentioned as kept by the pilgrims in the summer； the different phraseology； 〃quiet rest；〃 without any mention of the season； indicating their approach to India； E。 H。； p。 168。 Two； if not three； years had elapsed since they left Ch'ang…gan。 Are we now with them in 402？
＇7＇ This is the Corean reading ｛。｝； much preferable to the ｛。｝ of the Chinese editions。
＇8＇ Watters approves of Klaproth's determination of K'eeh…ch'a to be Iskardu or Skardo。 There are difficulties in connexion with the view； but it has the advantage； to my mind very great； of bringing the pilgrims across the Indus。 The passage might be accomplished with ease at this point of the river's course； and therefore is not particularly mentioned。
＇9＇ Who had preceded them from Khoten。
CHAPTER V
GREAT QUINQUENNIAL ASSEMBLY OF MONKS。 RELICS OF BUDDHA。 PRODUCTIONS OF THE COUNTRY。
It happened that the king of the country was then holding the pancha parishad； that is； in Chinese； the great quinquennial assembly。＇1＇ When this is to be held； the king requests the presence of the Sramans from all quarters （of his kingdom）。 They come （as if） in clouds； and when they are all assembled； their place of session is grandly decorated。 Silken streamers and canopies are hung out in； and water… lilies in gold and silver are made and fixed up behind the places where （the chief of them） are to sit。 When clean mats have been spread； and they are all seated； the king and his ministers present their offerings according to rule and law。 （The assembly takes place）； in the first； second； or third month； for the most part in the spring。
After the king has held the assembly； he further exhorts the ministers to make other and special offerings。 The doing of this extends over one； two； three； five； or even seven days； and when all is finished； he takes his own riding…horse； saddles； bridles； and waits on him himself；＇2＇ while he makes the noblest and most important minister of the kingdom mount him。 Then； taking fine white woollen cloth； all sorts of precious things； and articles which the Sramans require； he distributes them among them； uttering vows at the same time along with all his ministers； and when this distribution has taken place； he again redeems （whatever he wishes） from the monks。＇3＇
The country； being among the hills and cold； does not produce the other cereals； and only the wheat gets ripe。 After the monks have received their annual （portion of this）； the mornings suddenly show the hoar…frost； and on this account the king always begs the monks to make the wheat ripen＇4＇ before they receive their portion。 There is in the country a spitoon which belonged to Buddha； made of stone； and in colour like his alms…bowl。 There is also a tooth of Buddha； for which the people have reared a tope； connected with which there are more than a thousand monks and their disciples；＇5＇ all students of the hinayana。 To the east of these hills the dress of the common people is of coarse materials； as in our country of Ts'in； but here also＇6＇ there were among them the differences of fine woollen cloth and of serge or haircloth。 The rules observed by the Sramans are remarkable； and too numerous to be mentioned in detail。 The country is in the midst of the Onion range。 As you go forward from these mountains； the plants； trees； and fruits are all different from those of the land of Han； excepting only the bamboo； pomegranate；＇7＇ and sugar…cane。
NOTES
＇1＇ See Eitel； p。 89。 He describes the assembly as 〃an ecclesiastical conference； first instituted by king Asoka for general confession of sins and inculcation of morality。〃
＇2＇ The text of this sentence is perplexing； and all translators； including myself； have been puzzled by it。
＇3＇ See what we are told of king Asoka's grant of all the Jambudvipa to the monks in chapter xxvii。 There are several other instances of similar gifts in the Mahavansa。
＇4＇ Watters calls attention to this as showing that the monks of K'eeh…ch'a had the credit of possessing weather…controlling powers。
＇5＇ The text here has ｛。｝ ｛。｝； not ｛。｝ alone。 I often found in monasteries boys and lads who looked up to certain of the monks as their preceptors。
＇6＇ Compare what is said in chapter ii of the dress of the people of Shen…shen。
＇7＇ Giles thinks the fruit here was the guava； because the ordinary name for 〃pomegranate〃 is preceded by gan ｛。｝； but the pomegranate was called at first Gan Shih…lau； as having been introduced into China from Gan…seih by Chang…k'een； who is referred to in chapter vii。
CHAPTER VI
ON TOWARDS NORTH INDIA。 DARADA。 IMAGE OF MAITREYA BODHISATTVA。
From this （the travellers） went westwards towards North India； and after being on the way for a month； they succeeded in getting across and through the range of the Onion mountains。 The snow rests on them both winter and summer。 There are also among them venomous dragons； which； when provoked； spit forth poisonous winds； and cause showers of snow and storms of sand and gravel。 Not one in ten thousand of those who encounter these dangers escapes with his life。 The people of the country call the range by the name of 〃The Snow mountains。〃 When （the travellers） had got through them； they were in North India； and immediately on entering its borders； found themselves in a small kingdom called T'o…leih；＇1＇ where also there were many monks； all students of the hinayana。
In this kingdom there was formerly an Arhan；＇2＇ who by his supernatural power＇3＇ took a clever artificer up to the Tushita heaven； to see the height； complexion； and appearance of Maitreya Bodhisattva；＇4＇ and then return and make an image of him in wood。 First and last； this was done three times； and then the image was completed； eighty cubits in height； and eight cubits at the base from knee to knee of the crossed legs。 On fast…days it
