record of buddhistic kingdoms-第4节

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e　they　stopped　for　the　summer　retreat。＇7＇　When　that　was　over；　they　went　forward　to　the　kingdom　of　Now…t'an；＇8＇　crossed　the　mountain　of　Yang…low；　and　reached　the　emporium　of　Chang…yih。＇9＇　There　they　found　the　country　so　much　disturbed　that　travelling　on　the　roads　was　impossible　for　them。　Its　king；　however；　was　very　attentive　to　them；　kept　them　（in　his　capital）；　and　acted　the　part　of　their　danapati。＇10＇

Here　they　met　with　Che…yen；　Hwuy…keen；　Sang…shao；　Pao…yun；　and　Sang…　king；＇11＇　and　in　pleasant　association　with　them；　as　bound　on　the　same　journey　with　themselves；　they　passed　the　summer　retreat　（of　that　year）＇12＇　together；　resuming　after　it　their　travelling；　and　going　on　to　T'un…hwang；＇13＇　（the　chief　town）　in　the　frontier　territory　of　defence　extending　for　about　80　le　from　east　to　west；　and　about　40　from　north　to　south。　Their　company；　increased　as　it　had　been；　halted　there　for　some　days　more　than　a　month；　after　which　Fa…hien　and　his　four　friends　started　first　in　the　suite　of　an　envoy；＇14＇　having　separated　（for　a　time）　from　Pao…yun　and　his　associates。

Le　Hao；＇15＇　the　prefect　of　T'un…hwang；　had　supplied　them　with　the　means　of　crossing　the　desert　（before　them）；　in　which　there　are　many　evil　demons　and　hot　winds。　（Travellers）　who　encounter　them　perish　all　to　a　man。　There　is　not　a　bird　to　be　seen　in　the　air　above；　nor　an　animal　on　the　ground　below。　Though　you　look　all　round　most　earnestly　to　find　where　you　can　cross；　you　know　not　where　to　make　your　choice；　the　only　mark　and　indication　being　the　dry　bones　of　the　dead　（left　upon　the　sand）。＇16＇

NOTES

＇1＇　Ch'ang…gan　is　still　the　name　of　the　principal　district　（and　its　city）　in　the　department　of　Se…gan；　Shen…se。　It　had　been　the　capital　of　the　first　empire　of　Han　（B。C。　202…A。D。　24）；　as　it　subsequently　was　that　of　Suy　（A。D。　589…618）。　The　empire　of　the　eastern　Tsin；　towards　the　close　of　which　Fa…hien　lived；　had　its　capital　at　or　near　Nan…king；　and　Ch'ang…gan　was　the　capital　of　the　principal　of　the　three　Ts'in　kingdoms；　which；　with　many　other　minor　ones；　maintained　a　semi…　independence　of　Tsin；　their　rulers　sometimes　even　assuming　the　title　of　emperor。

＇2＇　The　period　Hwang…che　embraced　from　A。D。　399　to　414；　being　the　greater　portion　of　the　reign　of　Yao　Hing　of　the　After　Ts'in；　a　powerful　prince。　He　adopted　Hwang…che　for　the　style　of　his　reign　in　399；　and　the　cyclical　name　of　that　year　was　Kang…tsze。　It　is　not　possible　at　this　distance　of　time　to　explain；　if　it　could　be　explained；　how　Fa…hien　came　to　say　that　Ke…hae　was　the　second　year　of　the　period。　It　seems　most　reasonable　to　suppose　that　he　set　out　on　his　pilgrimage　in　A。D。　399；　the　cycle　name　of　which　was　Ke…hae；　as　｛。｝；　the　second　year；　instead　of　｛。｝；　the　first；　might　easily　creep　into　the　text。　In　the　〃Memoirs　of　Eminent　Monks〃　it　is　said　that　our　author　started　in　the　third　year　of　the　period　Lung…gan　of　the　eastern　Tsin；　which　was　A。D。　399。

＇3＇　These；　like　Fa…hien　itself；　are　all　what　we　might　call　〃clerical〃　names；　appellations　given　to　the　parties　as　monks　or　sramanas。

＇4＇　The　Buddhist　tripitaka　or　canon　consists　of　three　collections；　containing；　according　to　Eitel　（p。　150）；　〃doctrinal　aphorisms　（or　statements；　purporting　to　be　from　Buddha　himself）；　works　on　discipline；　and　works　on　metaphysics：〃called　sutra；　vinaya；　and　abhidharma；　in　Chinese；　king　｛。｝；　leuh　｛。｝；　and　lun　｛。｝；　or　texts；　laws　or　rules；　and　discussions。　Dr。　Rhys　Davids　objects　to　the　designation　of　〃metaphysics〃　as　used　of　the　abhidharma　works；　saying　that　〃they　bear　much　more　the　relation　to　'dharma'　which　'by…law'　bears　to　'law'　than　that　which　'metaphysics'　bears　to　'physics'〃　（Hibbert　Lectures；　p。　49）。　However　this　be；　it　was　about　the　vinaya　works　that　Fa…hien　was　chiefly　concerned。　He　wanted　a　good　code　of　the　rules　for　the　government　of　〃the　Order〃　in　all　its　internal　and　external　relations。

＇5＇　Lung　embraced　the　western　part　of　Shen…se　and　the　eastern　part　of　Kan…suh。　The　name　remains　in　Lung　Chow；　in　the　extreme　west　of　Shen…se。

＇6＇　K'een…kwei　was　the　second　king　of　〃the　Western　Ts'in。〃　His　family　was　of　northern　or　barbarous　origin；　from　the　tribe　of　the　Seen…pe；　with　the　surname　of　K'eih…fuh。　The　first　king　was　Kwo…kin；　and　received　his　appointment　from　the　sovereign　of　the　chief　Ts'in　kingdom　in　385。　He　was　succeeded　in　388　by　his　brother；　the　K'een…kwei　of　the　text；　who　was　very　prosperous　in　398；　and　took　the　title　of　king　of　Ts'in。　Fa…hien　would　find　him　at　his　capital；　somewhere　in　the　present　department　of　Lan…chow；　Kan…suh。

＇7＇　Under　varshas　or　vashavasana　（Pali；　vassa；　Spence　Hardy；　vass）；　Eitel　（p。　163）　says：〃One　of　the　most　ancient　institutions　of　Buddhist　discipline；　requiring　all　ecclesiastics　to　spend　the　rainy　season　in　a　monastery　in　devotional　exercises。　Chinese　Buddhists　naturally　substituted　the　hot　season　for　the　rainy　（from　the　16th　day　of　the　5th　to　the　15th　of　the　9th　Chinese　month）。〃

＇8＇　During　the　troubled　period　of　the　Tsin　dynasty；　there　were　five　（usurping）　Leang　sovereignties　in　the　western　part　of　the　empire　（｛。｝　｛。｝）。　The　name　Leang　remains　in　the　department　of　Leang…chow　in　the　northern　part　of　Kan…suh。　The　〃southern　Leang〃　arose　in　397　under　a　Tuh…fah　Wu…ku；　who　was　succeeded　in　399　by　a　brother；　Le…luh…koo；　and　he　again　by　his　brother；　the　Now…t'an　of　the　text；　in　402；　who　was　not　yet　king　therefore　when　Fa…hien　and　his　friends　reached　his　capital。　How　he　is　represented　as　being　so　may　be　accounted　for　in　various　ways；　of　which　it　is　not　necessary　to　write。

＇9＇　Chang…yih　is　still　the　name　of　a　district　in　Kan…chow　department；　Kan…suh。　It　is　a　long　way　north　and　west　from　Lan…chow；　and　not　far　from　the　Great　Wall。　Its　king　at　this　time　was；　probably；　Twan…yeh　of　〃the　northern　Leang。〃

＇10＇　Dana　is　the　name　for　religious　charity；　the　first　of　the　six　paramitas；　or　means　of　attaining　to　nirvana；　and　a　danapati　is　〃one　who　practises　dana　and　thereby　crosses　｛。｝　the　sea　of　misery。〃　It　is　given　as　〃a　title　of　honour　to　all　who　support　the　cause　of　Buddhism　by　acts　of　charity；　especially　to　founders　and　patrons　of　monasteries；〃see　Eitel；　p。　29。

＇11＇　Of　these　pilgrims　with　their　clerical　names；　the　most　distinguished　was　Pao…yun；　who　translated　various　Sanskrit　works　on　his　return　from　India；　of　which　only　one　seems　to　be　now　existing。　He　died　in　449。　See　Nanjio's　Catalogue　of　the　Tripitaka；　col。　417。

＇12＇　This　was　the　second　summer　since　the　pilgrims　left　Ch'ang…gan。　We　are　now　therefore；　probably；　in　A。D。　400。

＇13＇　T'un…hwang　（lat。　39d　40s　N。；　lon。　94d　50s　E。）　is　still　the　name　of　one　of　the　two　districts　constituting　the　department　of　Gan…se；　the　most　western　of　the　prefectures　of　Kan…suh；　beyond　the　termination　of　the　Great　Wall。

＇14＇　Who　this　envoy　was；　and　where　he　was　going；　we　do　not　know。　The　text　will　not　admit　of　any　other　translation。

＇15＇　Le　Hao　was　a　native　of　Lung…se；　a　man　of　learning；　able　and　kindly　in　his　government。　He　was　appointed　governor　or　prefect　of　T'un…hwang　by　the　king　of　〃the　northern　Leang；〃　in　400；　and　there　he　sustained　himself；　becoming　by　and　by　〃duke　of　western　Leang；〃　till　he　died　in　417。

＇16＇　〃The　river　of　sand；〃　the　great　desert　of　Kobi　or　Gobi；　having　various　other　names。　It　was　a　great　task　which　the　pilgrims　had　now　before　them；to　cross　this　desert。　The　name　of　〃river〃　in　the　Chinese　misleads　the　reader；　and　he　thinks　of　crossing　it　as　of　crossing　a　stream；　but　they　had　to　traverse　it　from　east　to　west。　In　his　〃Vocabulary　of　Proper　Names；〃　p。　23；　Dr。　Porter　Smith　says：〃It　extends　from　the　eastern　frontier　of　Mongolia；　south…westward　to　the　further　frontier　of　Turkestan；　to　within　six　miles　of　Ilchi；　the　chief　town　of　Khoten。　It　thus　comprises　some　twenty…three　degrees　of　longitude　in　length；　and　from　three　to　ten　degrees　of　latitude　in　breadth；　being　about　2；100　miles　in　its　greatest　length。　In　some　places　it　is　arable。　Some　idea　may　be　formed　of　the　terror　with　which　this　'Sea　of　Sand；'　with　its　vast　billows　of　shifting　sands；　is　regarded；　from　the　legend　that　in　one　of　the　storms　360　cities　were　all　buried　within　the　space　of　twenty…four　hours。〃　So　also　Gilmour's　〃Among　the　Mongols；〃　chap。　5。



CHAPTER　II

ON　TO　SHEN…SHEN　AND　THENCE　TO　KHOTEN

After　travelling　for　seventeen　days；　a　distance　we　may　calculate　of　about　1500　le；　（the　pilgrims）　reached　the　kingdom　of　Shen…shen；＇1＇　a　country　rugged　and　hilly；　with　a　thin　and　barren　soil。　The　clothes　of　the　common　people　are　coarse；　and　like　those　worn　in　our　land　of　Han；＇2＇　some　wearing　felt　and　others　coarse　serge　or　cloth　of　hair；　this　was　the　only　difference　seen　among　them。　The　king　professed　（our）　Law；　and　there　might　be　in　the　country　more　than　four　thousand　monks；＇3＇　who　were　all　students　of　the　hinayana。＇4＇　The　common　people　of　this　and　other　kingdoms　（in　that　region）；　as　well　as　the　sramans；＇5＇　all　practise　the　rules　of　India；＇6＇　only　that　the　latter　do　so　more　exactly；　and　the　former　more　loosely。　So　（the　travellers）　found　it　in　all　the　kingdoms　through　which　they　went　on　their　way　from　this　to　the　west；　only　that　each　had　its　own　peculiar　barbarous　speech。＇7＇　（The　monks）；　however；　who　had　（given　up　the　worldly　life）　and　quitted　their　families；　were　all　students　of　Indian　books　and　the　Indian　language。　Here　they　stayed　for　about　a　month；　and　then　proceeded　on　their　journey；　fifteen　da