record of buddhistic kingdoms-第27节

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；〃　vol。　ii；　pp。　214；　215；　where　the　description；　however；　is　very　different。

＇2＇　Compare　the　account　of　Buddha's　great　stride　of　fifteen　yojanas　in　Ceylon；　as　related　in　chapter　xxxviii。

＇3＇　See　the　same　phrase　in　the　Books　of　the　Later　Han　dynasty；　the　twenty…fourth　Book　of　Biographies；　p。　9b。



CHAPTER　XXXVI

IN　PATNA。　FA…HIEN'S　LABOURS　IN　TRANSCRIPTION　OF　MANUSCRIPTS；　AND　INDIAN　STUDIES　FOR　THREE　YEARS。

From　Varanasi　（the　travellers）　went　back　east　to　Pataliputtra。　Fa…hien's　original　object　had　been　to　search　for　（copies　of）　the　Vinaya。　In　the　various　kingdoms　of　North　India；　however；　he　had　found　one　master　transmitting　orally　（the　rules）　to　another；　but　no　written　copies　which　he　could　transcribe。　He　had　therefore　travelled　far　and　come　on　to　Central　India。　Here；　in　the　mahayana　monastery；＇1＇　he　found　a　copy　of　the　Vinaya；　containing　the　Mahasanghika＇2＇　rules；those　which　were　observed　in　the　first　Great　Council；　while　Buddha　was　still　in　the　world。　The　original　copy　was　handed　down　in　the　Jetavana　vihara。　As　to　the　other　eighteen　schools；＇3＇　each　one　has　the　views　and　decisions　of　its　own　masters。　Those　agree　（with　this）　in　the　general　meaning；　but　they　have　small　and　trivial　differences；　as　when　one　opens　and　another　shuts。＇4＇　This　copy　（of　the　rules）；　however；　is　the　most　complete；　with　the　fullest　explanations。＇5＇

He　further　got　a　transcript　of　the　rules　in　six　or　seven　thousand　gathas；＇6＇　being　the　sarvastivadah＇7＇　rules；those　which　are　observed　by　the　communities　of　monks　in　the　land　of　Ts'in；　which　also　have　all　been　handed　down　orally　from　master　to　master　without　being　committed　to　writing。　In　the　community　here；　moreover；　we　got　the　Samyuktabhi…　dharma…hridaya…（sastra）；＇8＇　containing　about　six　or　seven　thousand　gathas；　he　also　got　a　Sutra　of　2500　gathas；　one　chapter　of　the　Parinir…vana…vaipulya　Sutra；＇9＇　of　about　5000　gathas；　and　the　Mahasan…　ghikah　Abhidharma。

In　consequence　（of　this　success　in　his　quest）　Fa…hien　stayed　here　for　three　years；　learning　Sanskrit　books　and　the　Sanskrit　speech；　and　writing　out　the　Vinaya　rules。　When　Tao…ching　arrived　in　the　Central　Kingdom；　and　saw　the　rules　observed　by　the　Sramanas；　and　the　dignified　demeanour　in　their　societies　which　he　remarked　under　all　occurring　circumstances；　he　sadly　called　to　mind　in　what　a　mutilated　and　imperfect　condition　the　rules　were　among　the　monkish　communities　in　the　land　of　Ts'in；　and　made　the　following　aspiration：〃From　this　time　forth　till　I　come　to　the　state　of　Buddha；　let　me　not　be　born　in　a　frontier　land。〃＇10＇　He　remained　accordingly　（in　India）；　and　did　not　return　（to　the　land　of　Han）。　Fa…hien；　however；　whose　original　purpose　had　been　to　secure　the　introduction　of　the　complete　Vinaya　rules　into　the　land　of　Han；　returned　there　alone。

NOTES

＇1＇　Mentioned　before　in　chapter　xxvii。

＇2＇　Mahasanghikah　simply　means　〃the　Great　Assembly；〃　that　is；　of　monks。　When　was　this　first　assembly　in　the　time　of　Sakyamuni　held？　It　does　not　appear　that　the　rules　observed　at　it　were　written　down　at　the　time。　The　document　found　by　Fa…hien　would　be　a　record　of　those　rules；　or　rather　a　copy　of　that　record。　We　must　suppose　that　the　original　record　had　disappeared　from　the　Jetavana　vihara；　or　Fa…hien　would　probably　have　spoken　of　it　when　he　was　there；　and　copied　it；　if　he　had　been　allowed　to　do　so。

＇3＇　The　eighteen　pu　｛。｝。　Four　times　in　this　chapter　the　character　called　pu　occurs；　and　in　the　first　and　two　last　instances　it　can　only　have　the　meaning；　often　belonging　to　it；　of　〃copy。〃　The　second　instance；　however；　is　different。　How　should　there　be　eighteen　copies；　all　different　from　the　original；　and　from　one　another；　in　minor　matters？　We　are　compelled　to　translate〃the　eighteen　schools；〃　an　expression　well　known　in　all　Buddhist　writings。　See　Rhys　Davids'　Manual；　p。　218；　and　the　authorities　there　quoted。

＇4＇　This　is　equivalent　to　the　〃binding〃　and　〃loosing；〃　〃opening〃　and　〃shutting；〃　which　found　their　way　into　the　New　Testament；　and　the　Christian　Church；　from　the　schools　of　the　Jewish　Rabbins。

＇5＇　It　was　afterwards　translated　by　Fa…hien　into　Chinese。　See　Nanjio's　Catalogue　of　the　Chinese　Tripitaka；　columns　400　and　401；　and　Nos。　1119　and　1150；　columns　247　and　253。

＇6＇　A　gatha　is　a　stanza；　generally　consisting；　it　has　seemed　to　me；　of　a　few；　commonly　of　two；　lines　somewhat　metrically　arranged；　but　I　do　not　know　that　its　length　is　strictly　defined。

＇7＇　〃A　branch；〃　says　Eitel；　〃of　the　great　vaibhashika　school；　asserting　the　reality　of　all　visible　phenomena；　and　claiming　the　authority　of　Rahula。〃

＇8＇　See　Nanjio's　Catalogue；　No。　1287。　He　does　not　mention　it　in　his　account　of　Fa…hien；　who；　he　says；　translated　the　Samyukta…pitaka　Sutra。

＇9＇　Probably　Nanjio's　Catalogue；　No。　120；　at　any　rate；　connected　with　it。

＇10＇　This　then　would　be　the　consummation　of　the　Sramana's　being；to　get　to　be　Buddha；　the　Buddha　of　his　time　in　his　Kalpa；　and　Tao…ching　thought　that　he　could　attain　to　this　consummation　by　a　succession　of　births；　and　was　likely　to　attain　to　it　sooner　by　living　only　in　India。　If　all　this　was　not　in　his　mind；　he　yet　felt　that　each　of　his　successive　lives　would　be　happier；　if　lived　in　India。



CHAPTER　XXXVII

TO　CHAMPA　AND　TAMALIPTI。　STAY　AND　LABOURS　THERE　FOR　THREE　YEARS。　TAKES　SHIP　TO　SINGHALA；　OR　CEYLON。

Following　the　course　of　the　Ganges；　and　descending　eastwards　for　eighteen　yojanas；　he　found　on　the　southern　bank　the　great　kingdom　of　Champa；＇1＇　with　topes　reared　at　the　places　where　Buddha　walked　in　meditation　by　his　vihara；　and　where　he　and　the　three　Buddhas；　his　predecessors；　sat。　There　were　monks　residing　at　them　all。　Continuing　his　journey　east　for　nearly　fifty　yojanas；　he　came　to　the　country　of　Tamalipti；＇2＇　（the　capital　of　which　is）　a　seaport。　In　the　country　there　are　twenty…two　monasteries；　at　all　of　which　there　are　monks　residing。　The　Law　of　Buddha　is　also　flourishing　in　it。　Here　Fa…hien　stayed　two　years；　writing　out　his　Sutras；＇3＇　and　drawing　pictures　of　images。

After　this　he　embarked　in　a　large　merchant…vessel；　and　went　floating　over　the　sea　to　the　south…west。　It　was　the　beginning　of　winter；　and　the　wind　was　favourable；　and；　after　fourteen　days；　sailing　day　and　night；　they　came　to　the　country　of　Singhala。＇4＇　The　people　said　that　it　was　distant　（from　Tamalipti）　about　700　yojanas。

The　kingdom　is　on　a　large　island；　extending　from　east　to　west　fifty　yojanas；　and　from　north　to　south　thirty。　Left　and　right　from　it　there　are　as　many　as　100　small　islands；　distant　from　one　another　ten；　twenty；　or　even　200　le；　but　all　subject　to　the　large　island。　Most　of　them　produce　pearls　and　precious　stones　of　various　kinds；　there　is　one　which　produces　the　pure　and　brilliant　pearl；＇5＇an　island　which　would　form　a　square　of　about　ten　le。　The　king　employs　men　to　watch　and　protect　it；　and　requires　three　out　of　every　ten　such　pearls；　which　the　collectors　find。

NOTES

＇1＇　Probably　the　modern　Champanagur；　three　miles　west　of　Baglipoor；　lat。　25d　14s　N。；　lon。　56d　55s　E。

＇2＇　Then　the　principal　emporium　for　the　trade　with　Ceylon　and　China；　the　modern　Tam…look；　lat。　22d　17s　N。；　lon。　88d　2s　E。；　near　the　mouth　of　the　Hoogly。

＇3＇　Perhaps　Ching　｛。｝　is　used　here　for　any　portions　of　the　Tripitaka　which　he　had　obtained。

＇4＇　〃The　Kingdom　of　the　Lion；〃　Ceylon。　Singhala　was　the　name　of　a　merchant　adventurer　from　India；　to　whom　the　founding　of　the　kingdom　was　ascribed。　His　father　was　named　Singha；　〃the　Lion；〃　which　became　the　name　of　the　country；Singhala；　or　Singha…Kingdom；　〃the　Country　of　the　Lion。〃

＇5＇　Called　the　mani　pearl　or　bead。　Mani　is　explained　as　meaning　〃free　from　stain；〃　〃bright　and　growing　purer。〃　It　is　a　symbol　of　Buddha　and　of　his　Law。　The　most　valuable　rosaries　are　made　of　manis。



CHAPTER　XXXVIII

AT　CEYLON。　RISE　OF　THE　KINGDOM。　FEATS　OF　BUDDHA。　TOPES　AND　MONASTERIES。　STATUE　OF　BUDDHA　IN　JADE。　BO　TREE。　FESTIVAL　OF　BUDDHA'S　TOOTH。

The　country　originally　had　no　human　inhabitants；＇1＇　but　was　occupied　only　by　spirits　and　nagas；　with　which　merchants　of　various　countries　carried　on　a　trade。　When　the　trafficking　was　taking　place；　the　spirits　did　not　show　themselves。　They　simply　set　forth　their　precious　commodities；　with　labels　of　the　price　attached　to　them；　while　the　merchants　made　their　purchases　according　to　the　price；　and　took　the　things　away。

Through　the　coming　and　going　of　the　merchants　（in　this　way）；　when　they　went　away；　the　people　of　（their）　various　countries　heard　how　pleasant　the　land　was；　and　flocked　to　it　in　numbers　till　it　became　a　great　nation。　The　（climate）　is　temperate　and　attractive；　without　any　difference　of　summer　and　winter。　The　vegetation　is　always　luxuriant。　Cultivation　proceeds　whenever　men　think　fit：　there　are　no　fixed　seasons　for　it。

When　Buddha　came　to　this　country；＇2＇　wishing　to　transform　the　wicked　nagas；　by　his　supernatural　power　he　planted　one　foot　at　the　north　of　the　royal　city；　and　the　other　on　the　top　of　a　mountain；＇3＇　the　two　being　fifteen　yojanas　apart。　Over　the　footprint　at　the　north　of　the　city　the　king　built　a　large　tope；　400　cubits　high；　grandly　adorned　with　gold　and　silver；　and　finished　with　a　combination　of　all　the　precious　substances。　By　the　side　of　the　top　he　further　built　a　monastery；　called　the　Abhayagiri；＇4＇　where　there　are　（now）　five　thousand　monks。　There　is　in　it　a　hall