record of buddhistic kingdoms-第22节
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g…post； with poles and lances slanting from it； and is rather more than twenty cubits high； having the shape of a tope。 White and silk…like cloth of hair＇8＇ is wrapped all round it； which is then painted in various colours。 They make figures of devas； with gold； silver； and lapis lazuli grandly blended and having silken streamers and canopies hung out over them。 On the four sides are niches； with a Buddha seated in each； and a Bodhisattva standing in attendance on him。 There may be twenty cars； all grand and imposing； but each one different from the others。 On the day mentioned； the monks and laity within the borders all come together； they have singers and skilful musicians； they pay their devotion with flowers and incense。 The Brahmans come and invite the Buddhas to enter the city。 These do so in order； and remain two nights in it。 All through the night they keep lamps burning； have skilful music； and present offerings。 This is the practice in all the other kingdoms as well。 The Heads of the Vaisya families in them establish in the cities houses for dispensing charity and medicines。 All the poor and destitute in the country； orphans； widowers； and childless men； maimed people and cripples； and all who are diseased； go to those houses； and are provided with every kind of help； and doctors examine their diseases。 They get the food and medicines which their cases require； and are made to feel at ease； and when they are better； they go away of themselves。
When king Asoka destroyed the seven topes； （intending） to make eighty… four thousand；＇9＇ the first which he made was the great tope； more than three le to the south of this city。 In front of this there is a footprint of Buddha； where a vihara has been built。 The door of it faces the north； and on the south of it there is a stone pillar； fourteen or fifteen cubits in circumference； and more than thirty cubits high； on which there is an inscription； saying； 〃Asoka gave the jambudvipa to the general body of all the monks； and then redeemed it from them with money。 This he did three times。〃＇10＇ North from the tope 300 or 400 paces； king Asoka built the city of Ne…le。＇11＇ In it there is a stone pillar； which also is more than thirty feet high； with a lion on the top of it。 On the pillar there is an inscription recording the things which led to the building of Ne…le； with the number of the year； the day； and the month。
NOTES
＇1＇ The modern Patna； lat。 25d 28s N。； lon。 85d 15s E。 The Sanskrit name means 〃The city of flowers。〃 It is the Indian Florence。
＇2＇ See chap。 x； note 3。 Asoka transferred his court from Rajagriha to Pataliputtra； and there； in the eighteenth year of his reign； he convoked the third Great Synod；according； at least； to southern Buddhism。 It must have been held a few years before B。C。 250； Eitel says in 246。
＇3＇ 〃The Vulture…hill；〃 so called because Mara； according to Buddhist tradition； once assumed the form of a vulture on it to interrupt the meditation of Ananda； or； more probably； because it was a resort of vultures。 It was near Rajagriha； the earlier capital of Asoka； so that Fa…hien connects a legend of it with his account of Patna。 It abounded in caverns； and was famous as a resort of ascetics。
＇4＇ A Brahman by cast； but a Buddhist in faith。
＇5＇ So； by the help of Julien's 〃Methode；〃 I transliterate the Chinese characters ｛。｝ ｛。｝ ｛。｝ ｛。｝。 Beal gives Radhasvami； his Chinese text having a ｛。｝ between ｛。｝ and ｛。｝。 I suppose the name was Radhasvami or Radhasami。
＇6＇ ｛。｝ ｛。｝； the names of two kinds of schools； often occurring in the Li Ki and Mencius。 Why should there not have been schools in those monasteries in India as there were in China？ Fa…hien himself grew up with other boys in a monastery； and no doubt had to 〃go to school。〃 And the next sentence shows us there might be schools for more advanced students as well as for the Sramaneras。
＇7＇ See chap。 xvi； note 22。 It is perhaps with reference to the famous Bodhisattva that the Brahman here is said to be 〃also〃 named Manjusri。
＇8＇ ？ Cashmere cloth。
＇9＇ See chap。 xxiii； note 3。
＇10＇ We wish that we had more particulars of this great transaction； and that we knew what value in money Asoka set on the whole world。 It is to be observed that he gave it to the monks； and did not receive it from them。 Their right was from him； and he bought it back。 He was the only 〃Power〃 that was。
＇11＇ We know nothing more of Ne…le。 It could only have been a small place； an outpost for the defence of Pataliputtra。
CHAPTER XXVIII
RAJAGRIHA； NEW AND OLD。 LEGENDS AND INCIDENTS CONNECTED WITH IT。
（The travellers） went on from this to the south…east for nine yojanas； and came to a small solitary rocky hill；＇1＇ at the head or end of which＇2＇ was an apartment of stone； facing the south；the place where Buddha sat； when Sakra； Ruler of Devas； brought the deva…musician； Pancha…（sikha）；＇3＇ to give pleasure to him by playing on his lute。 Sakra then asked Buddha about forty…two subjects； tracing （the questions） out with his finger one by one on the rock。＇4＇ The prints of his tracing are still there； and here also there is a monastery。
A yojana south…west from this place brought them to the village of Nala；＇5＇ where Sariputtra＇6＇ was born； and to which also he returned； and attained here his pari…nirvana。 Over the spot （where his body was burned） there was built a tope； which is still in existence。
Another yojana to the west brought them to New Rajagriha；＇7＇the new city which was built by king Ajatasatru。 There were two monasteries in it。 Three hundred paces outside the west gate； king Ajatasatru； having obtained one portion of the relics of Buddha； built （over them） a tope； high； large； grand； and beautiful。 Leaving the city by the south gate； and proceeding south four le； one enters a valley； and comes to a circular space formed by five hills； which stand all round it； and have the appearance of the suburban wall of a city。 Here was the old city of king Bimbisara； from east to west about five or six le； and from north to south seven or eight。 It was here that Sariputtra and Maudgalyayana first saw Upasena；＇8＇ that the Nirgrantha＇9＇ made a pit of fire and poisoned the rice； and then invited Buddha （to eat with him）； that king Ajatasatru made a black elephant intoxicated with liquor； wishing him to injure Buddha；＇10＇ and that at the north…east corner of the city in a （large） curving （space） Jivaka built a vihara in the garden of Ambapali；＇11＇ and invited Buddha with his 1250 disciples to it； that he might there make his offerings to support them。 （These places） are still there as of old； but inside the city all is emptiness and desolation； no man dwells in it。
NOTES
＇1＇ Called by Hsuan…chwang Indra…sila…guha； or 〃The cavern of Indra。〃 It has been identified with a hill near the village of Giryek； on the bank of the Panchana river； about thirty…six miles from Gaya。 The hill terminates in two peaks overhanging the river； and it is the more northern and higher of these which Fa…hien had in mind。 It bears an oblong terrace covered with the ruins of several buildings； especially of a vihara。
＇2＇ This does not mean the top or summit of the hill； but its 〃headland；〃 where it ended at the river。
＇3＇ See the account of this visit of Sakra in M。 B。； pp。 288…290。 It is from Hardy that we are able to complete here the name of the musician； which appears in Fa…hien as only Pancha； or 〃Five。〃 His harp or lute； we are told； was 〃twelve miles long。〃
＇4＇ Hardy （M。 B。； pp。 288； 289） makes the subjects only thirteen； which are still to be found in one of the Sutras （〃the Dik…Sanga； in the Sakra…prasna Sutra〃）。 Whether it was Sakra who wrote his questions； or Buddha who wrote the answers； depends on the punctuation。 It seems better to make Sakra the writer。
＇5＇ Or Nalanda； identified with the present Baragong。 A grand monastery was subsequently built at it； famous by the residence for five years of Hsuan…chwang。
＇6＇ See chap。 xvi； note 11。 There is some doubt as to the statement that Nala was his birthplace。
＇7＇ The city of 〃Royal Palaces；〃 〃the residence of the Magadha kings from Bimbisara to Asoka； the first metropolis of Buddhism； at the foot of the Gridhrakuta mountains。 Here the first synod assembled within a year after Sakyamuni's death。 Its ruins are still extant at the village of Rajghir； sixteen miles S。W。 of Behar； and form an object of pilgrimage to the Jains （E。 H。； p。 100）。〃 It is called New Rajagriha to distinguish it from Kusagarapura； a few miles from it； the old residence of the kings。 Eitel says it was built by Bimbisara； while Fa…hien ascribes it to Ajatasatru。 I suppose the son finished what the father had begun。
＇8＇ One of the five first followers of Sakyamuni。 He is also called Asvajit； in Pali Assaji； but Asvajit seems to be a military title= 〃Master or trainer of horses。〃 The two more famous disciples met him； not to lead him； but to be directed by him； to Buddha。 See Sacred Books of the East； vol。 xiii； Vinaya Texts； pp。 144…147。
＇9＇ One of the six Tirthyas （Tirthakas=〃erroneous teachers；〃 M。 B。； pp。 290…292； but I have not found the particulars of the attempts on Buddha's life referred to by Fa…hien）； or Brahmanical opponents of Buddha。 He was an ascetic； one of t
