record of buddhistic kingdoms-第15节

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＇7＇　Perhaps　we　should　read　here　〃to　see　Buddha；〃　and　then　ascribe　the　transformation　to　the　nun　herself。　It　depends　on　the　punctuation　which　view　we　adopt；　and　in　the　structure　of　the　passage；　there　is　nothing　to　indicate　that　the　stop　should　be　made　before　or　after　〃Buddha。〃　And　the　one　view　is　as　reasonable；　or　rather　as　unreasonable；　as　the　other。

＇8＇　〃A　holy　king　who　turns　the　wheel；〃　that　is；　the　military　conqueror　and　monarch　of　the　whole　or　part　of　a　universe。　〃The　symbol；〃　says　Eitel　（p。　142）　〃of　such　a　king　is　the　chakra　or　wheel；　for　when　he　ascends　the　throne；　a　chakra　falls　from　heaven；　indicating　by　its　material　（gold；　silver；　copper；　or　iron）　the　extent　and　character　of　his　reign。　The　office；　however；　of　the　highest　Chakravartti；　who　hurls　his　wheel　among　his　enemies；　is　inferior　to　the　peaceful　mission　of　a　Buddha；　who　meekly　turns　the　wheel　of　the　Law；　and　conquers　every　universe　by　his　teaching。〃

＇9＇　This　was　Brahma；　the　first　person　of　the　Brahmanical　Trimurti；　adopted　by　Buddhism；　but　placed　in　an　inferior　position；　and　surpassed　by　every　Buddhist　saint　who　attains　to　bodhi。

＇10＇　A　common　name　for　the　earth　below；　where；　on　digging；　water　is　found。

＇11＇　The　height　is　given　as　thirty　chow；　the　chow　being　the　distance　from　the　elbow　to　the　finger…tip；　which　is　variously　estimated。

＇12＇　A　note　of　Mr。　Beal　says　on　this：〃General　Cunningham；　who　visited　the　spot　（1862）；　found　a　pillar；　evidently　of　the　age　of　Asoka；　with　a　well…carved　elephant　on　the　top；　which；　however；　was　minus　trunk　and　tail。　He　supposes　this　to　be　the　pillar　seen　by　Fa…hien；　who　mistook　the　top　of　it　for　a　lion。　It　is　possible　such　a　mistake　may　have　been　made；　as　in　the　account　of　one　of　the　pillars　at　Sravasti；　Fa…hien　says　an　ox　formed　the　capital；　whilst　Hsuan…chwang　calls　it　an　elephant　（P。　19；　Arch。　Survey）。〃

＇13＇　That　is；　in　niches　on　the　sides。　The　pillar　or　column　must　have　been　square。

＇14＇　Equivalent　to　〃all　through。〃

＇15＇　Has　always　been　translated　〃heretical　teachers；〃　but　I　eschew　the　terms　/heresy/　and　/heretical/。　The　parties　would　not　be　Buddhists　of　any　creed　or　school；　but　Brahmans　or　of　some　other　false　doctrine；　as　Fa…hien　deemed　it。　The　Chinese　term　means　〃outside〃　or　〃foreign；〃in　Pali；　anna…titthiya；=〃those　belonging　to　another　school。〃

＇16＇　These　three　predecessors　of　Sakyamuni　were　the　three　Buddhas　of　the　present　or　Maha…bhadra　Kalpa；　of　which　he　was　the　fourth；　and　Maitreya　is　to　be　the　fifth　and　last。　They　were：　（1）　Krakuchanda　（Pali；　Kakusanda）；　〃he　who　readily　solves　all　doubts；〃　a　scion　of　the　Kasyapa　family。　Human　life　reached　in　his　time　40；000　years；　and　so　many　persons　were　converted　by　him。　（2）　Kanakamuni　（Pali；　Konagamana）；　〃body　radiant　with　the　colour　of　pure　gold；〃　of　the　same　family。　Human　life　reached　in　his　time　30；000　years；　and　so　many　persons　were　converted　by　him。　（3）　Kasyapa　（Pali；　Kassapa）；　〃swallower　of　light。〃　Human　life　reached　in　his　time　20；000　years；　and　so　many　persons　were　converted　by　him。　See　Eitel；　under　the　several　names；　Hardy's　M。　B。；　pp。　95…97；　and　Davids'　〃Buddhist　Birth　Stories；〃　p。　51。

＇17＇　That　is；　walked　in　meditation。　Such　places　are　called　Chankramana　（Pali；　Chankama）；　promenades　or　corridors　connected　with　a　monastery；　made　sometimes　with　costly　stones；　for　the　purpose　of　peripatetic　meditation。　The　〃sitting〃　would　be　not　because　of　weariness　or　for　rest；　but　for　meditation。　E。　H。；　p。　144。

＇18＇　The　character　in　my　Corean　copy　is　｛。｝；　which　must　be　a　mistake　for　the　｛。｝　of　the　Chinese　editions。　Otherwise；　the　meaning　would　be　〃a　small　medusa。〃

＇19＇　The　reading　here　seems　to　me　a　great　improvement　on　that　of　the　Chinese　editions；　which　means　〃Fire　Limit。〃　Buddha；　it　is　said；　｛。｝　converted　this　demon；　which　Chinese　character　Beal　rendered　at　first　by　〃in　one　of　his　incarnations；〃　and　in　his　revised　version　he　has　〃himself。〃　The　difference　between　Fa…hien's　usage　of　｛。｝　and　｛。｝　throughout　his　narrative　is　quite　marked。　｛。｝　always　refers　to　the　doings　of　Sakyamuni；　｛。｝；　〃formerly；〃　is　often　used　of　him　and　others　in　the　sense　of　〃in　a　former　age　or　birth。〃

＇20＇　See　Hardy；　M。　B。；　p。　194：〃As　a　token　of　the　giving　over　of　the　garden；　the　king　poured　water　upon　the　hands　of　Buddha；　and　from　this　time　it　became　one　of　the　principal　residences　of　the　sage。〃

＇21＇　This　would　seem　to　be　absurd；　but　the　writer　evidently　intended　to　convey　the　idea　that　there　was　something　mysterious　about　the　number　of　the　topes。

＇22＇　This　seems　to　be　the　meaning。　The　bodies　of　the　monks　are　all　burned。　Hardy's　E。　M。；　pp。　322…324。



CHAPTER　XVIII

KANYAKUBJA；　OR　CANOUGE。　BUDDHA'S　PREACHING。

Fa…hien　stayed　at　the　Dragon　vihara　till　after　the　summer　retreat；＇1＇　and　then；　travelling　to　the　south…east　for　seven　yojanas；　he　arrived　at　the　city　of　Kanyakubja；＇2＇　lying　along　the　Ganges。＇3＇　There　are　two　monasteries　in　it；　the　inmates　of　which　are　students　of　the　hinayana。　At　a　distance　from　the　city　of　six　or　seven　le；　on　the　west；　on　the　northern　bank　of　the　Ganges；　is　a　place　where　Buddha　preached　the　Law　to　his　disciples。　It　has　been　handed　down　that　his　subjects　of　discourse　were　such　as　〃The　bitterness　and　vanity　（of　life）　as　impermanent　and　uncertain；〃　and　that　〃The　body　is　as　a　bubble　or　foam　on　the　water。〃　At　this　spot　a　tope　was　erected；　and　still　exists。

Having　crossed　the　Ganges；　and　gone　south　for　three　yojanas；　（the　travellers）　arrived　at　a　village　named　A…le；＇4＇　containing　places　where　Buddha　preached　the　Law；　where　he　sat；　and　where　he　walked；　at　all　of　which　topes　have　been　built。

NOTES

＇1＇　We　are　now；　probably；　in　405。

＇2＇　Canouge；　the　latitude　and　longitude　of　which　have　been　given　in　a　previous　note。　The　Sanskrit　name　means　〃the　city　of　humpbacked　maidens；〃　with　reference　to　the　legend　of　the　hundred　daughters　of　king　Brahma…datta；　who　were　made　deformed　by　the　curse　of　the　rishi　Maha…vriksha；　whose　overtures　they　had　refused。　E。　H。；　p。　51。

＇3＇　Ganga；　explained　by　〃Blessed　water；〃　and　〃Come　from　heaven　to　earth。〃

＇4＇　This　village　（the　Chinese　editions　read　〃forest〃）　has　hardly　been　clearly　identified。




CHAPTER　XIX

SHA…CHE。　LEGEND　OF　BUDDHA'S　DANTA…KASHTHA。

Going　on　from　this　to　the　south…east　for　three　yojanas；　they　came　to　the　great　kingdom　of　Sha…che。＇1＇　As　you　go　out　of　the　city　of　Sha…che　by　the　southern　gate；　on　the　east　of　the　road　（is　the　place）　where　Buddha；　after　he　had　chewed　his　willow　branch；＇2＇　stuck　it　in　the　ground；　when　it　forthwith　grew　up　seven　cubits；　（at　which　height　it　remained）　neither　increasing　nor　diminishing。　The　Brahmans　with　their　contrary　doctrines＇3＇　became　angry　and　jealous。　Sometimes　they　cut　the　tree　down；　sometimes　they　plucked　it　up；　and　cast　it　to　a　distance；　but　it　grew　again　on　the　same　spot　as　at　first。　Here　also　is　the　place　where　the　four　Buddhas　walked　and　sat；　and　at　which　a　tope　was　built　that　is　still　existing。

NOTES

＇1＇　Sha…che　should　probably　be　Sha…khe；　making　Cunningham's　identification　of　the　name　with　the　present　Saket　still　more　likely。　The　change　of　｛。｝　into　｛。｝　is　slight；　and；　indeed；　the　Khang…hsi　dictionary　thinks　the　two　characters　should　be　but　one　and　the　same。

＇2＇　This　was；　no　doubt；　what　was　called　the　danta…kashtha；　or　〃dental　wood；〃　mostly　a　bit　of　the　/ficus　Indicus/　or　banyan　tree；　which　the　monk　chews　every　morning　to　cleanse　his　teeth；　and　for　the　purpose　of　health　generally。　The　Chinese；　not　having　the　banyan；　have　used；　or　at　least　Fa…hien　used；　Yang　（｛。｝；　the　general　name　for　the　willow）　instead　of　it。

＇3＇　Are　two　classes　of　opponents；　or　only　one；　intended　here；　so　that　we　should　read　〃all　the　unbelievers　and　Brahmans；〃　or　〃heretics　and　Brahmans？〃　I　think　the　Brahmans　were　also　〃the　unbelievers〃　and　〃heretics；〃　having　｛。｝　｛。｝；　views　and　ways　outside　of；　and　opposed　to；　Buddha's。



CHAPTER　XX

KOSALA　AND　SRAVASTI。　THE　JETAVANA　VIHARA　AND　OTHER　MEMORIALS　AND　LEGENDS　OF　BUDDHA。　SYMPATHY　OF　THE　MONKS　WITH　THE　PILGRIMS。

Going　on　from　this　to　the　south；　for　eight　yojanas；　（the　travellers）　came　to　the　city　of　Sravasti＇1＇　in　the　kingdom　of　Kosala；＇2＇　in　which　the　inhabitants　were　few　and　far　between；　amounting　in　all　（only）　to　a　few　more　than　two　hundred　families；　the　city　where　king　Prasenajit＇3＇　ruled；　and　the　place　of　the　old　vihara　of　Maha…prajapti；＇4＇　of　the　well　and　walls　of　（the　house　of）　the　（Vaisya）　head　Sudatta；＇5＇　and　where　the　Angulimalya＇6＇　became　an　Arhat；　and　his　body　was　（afterwards）　burned　on　his　attaining　to　pari…nirvana。　At　all　these　places　topes　were　subsequently　erected；　which　are　still　existing　in　the　city。　The　Brahmans；　with　their　contrary　doctrine；　became　full　of　hatred　and　envy　in　their　hearts；　and　wished　to　destroy　them；　but　there　came　from　the　heavens　such　a　storm　of　crashing　thunder　and　flashing　lightning　that　they　were　not　able　in　the　end　to　effect　their　purpose。

As　you　go　out　from　the　city　by　the　south　gate；　and　1；200　paces　from　it；　the　（Vaisya）　head　Sudatta　built　a　vihara；　facing　the　south；　and　when　the　door　was　open；　on　each　side　of　it　there　was　a　stone　pillar；　with　the　figure　of　a　wheel　on　the　top　of　that　on　the　left；　and　the　figure　of　an　ox　on　the　top　of　that　on　the　right。　On　the　left　and　right　of　the　building　the　ponds　of　water　clear　and　pure；　the　thickets　of　trees　always　luxuriant；　and　the　nume