the canadian dominion-第24节
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ettlers from the East caused them intense alarm。 They pressed the Government for certain grants of land and for the retention of the old French custom of surveying the land along the river front in deep narrow strips； rather than according to the chessboard pattern taken over by Canada from the United States。 Red tape； indifference； procrastination； rather than any illwill； delayed the redress of the grievances of the half…breeds。 In despair they called Louis Riel back from his exile in Montana。 With his arrival the agitation acquired a new and dangerous force。 Claiming to be the prophet of a new religion； he put himself at the head of his people and； in the spring of 1885； raised the flag of revolt。 His military adviser； Gabriel Dumont； an old buffalo hunter； was a natural…born general； and the half…breeds were good shots and brave fighters。 An expedition of Canadian volunteers was rushed west； and the rebellion was put down quickly； but not without some hard fighting and gallant strokes and counterstrokes。
The racial passions roused by this conflict； however； did not pass so quickly。 The fate to be meted out to Riel was the burning question。 Ontario saw in him the murderer of Scott and an ambitious plotter who had twice stirred up armed rebellion。 Quebec saw in him a man of French blood； persecuted because he had stood up manfully for the undoubted rights of his kinsmen。 Today experts agree that Riel was insane and should have been spared the gallows on this if on no other account。 But at the moment the plea of insanity was rejected。 The Government made up for its laxity before the rebellion by severity after it； and in November； 1885； Riel was sent to the scaffold。 Bitterness rankled in many a French…Canadian heart for long years after； and in Ontario； where the Orange order was strongly entrenched； a faction threatened 〃to smash Confederation into its original fragments〃 rather than submit to 〃French domination。〃
Racial and religious passions； once aroused； soon found new fuel to feed upon。 Honore Mercier； a brilliant but unscrupulous leader who had ridden to power in the province of Quebec on the Riel issue； roused Protestant ire by restoring estates which had been confiscated at the conquest in 1763 to the Jesuits and other Roman Catholic authorities； in proportions which the act provided were to be determined by 〃Our Holy Father the Pope。〃 In Ontario restrictions began to be imposed on the freedom of French…Canadian communities on the border to make French the sole or dominant tongue in the schoolroom。 A little later the controversy was echoed in Manitoba in the repeal by a determined Protestant majority of the denominational school privileges hitherto enjoyed by the Roman Catholic minority。
Economic discontent was widespread。 It was a time of low and falling prices。 Farmers found the American market barred； the British market flooded； the home market stagnant。 The factories stimulated by the 〃N。 P。〃 lacked the growing market they had hoped for。 In the West climatic conditions not yet understood； the monopoly of the Canadian Pacific； and the competition of the States to the south； which still had millions of acres of free land； brought settlement to a standstill。 From all parts of Canada the 〃exodus〃 to the United States continued until by 1890 there were in that country more than one…third as many people of Canadian birth or descent as in Canada itself。
It was not surprising that in these extremities men were prepared to make trial of drastic remedies。 Nor was it surprising that it was beyond the borders of Canada itself that they sought the unity and the prosperity they had not found at home。 Many looked to Washington； some for unrestricted trade； a few for political union。 Others looked to London； hoping for a revival of the old imperial tariff preferences or for some closer political union which would bring commercial advantages in its train。
The decade from 1885 to 1895 stands out in the record of the relations of the English…speaking peoples as a time of constant friction； of petty pin pricks； of bluster and retaliation。 The United States was not in a neighborly mood。 The memories of 1776； of 1812； and of 1861 had been kept green by exuberant comment in school textbooks and by 〃spread…eagle〃 oratory。 The absence of any other rivalry concentrated American opposition on Great Britain； and isolation from Old World interests encouraged a provincial lack of responsibility。 The sins of England in Ireland had been kept to the fore by the agitation of Parnell and Davitt and Dillon； and the failure of Home Rule measures； twice in this decade； stirred Irish…American antagonism。 The accession to power of Lord Salisbury； reputed to hold the United States in contempt； and later the foolish indiscretion of Sir Lionel Sackville…West； British Ambassador at Washington； in intervening in a guileless way in the presidential election of 1888； did as much to nourish ill…will in the United States as the dominance of Blaine and other politicians who cultivated the gentle art of twisting the tail of the British lion。
Protection； with the attitude of economic warfare which it involved and bred； was then at its height。 Much of this hostility was directed against Canada； as the nearest British territory。 The Dominion； on its part； while persistently seeking closer trade relations； sometimes sought this end in unwise ways。 Many good people in Canada were still fighting the War of 1812。 The desire to use the inshore fishery privileges as a lever to force tariff reductions led to a rigid and literal enforcement of Canadian rights and claims which provoked widespread anger in New England。 The policy of discrimination in canal tolls in favor of Canadian as against United States ports was none the less irritating because it was a retort in kind。 And when United States customs officials levied a tax on the tin cans containing fish free by treaty； Canadian officials had retaliated by taxing the baskets containing duty…free peaches。
The most important specific issue was once more the northeastern fisheries。 As a result of notice given by the United States the fisheries clauses of the Treaty of Washington ceased to operate on July 1； 1885。 Canada； for the sake of peace； admitted American fishing vessels for the rest of that season； though Canadian fish at once became dutiable。 No further grace was given。 The Canadian authorities rigidly enforced the rules barring inshore fishing； and in addition denied port privileges to deep…sea fishing vessels and forbade American boats to enter Canadian ports for the purpose of trans…shipping crews； purchasing bait； or shipping fish in bond to the United States。 Every time a Canadian fishery cruiser and a Gloucester skipper had a difference of opinion as to the exact whereabouts of the three…mile limit； the press of both countries echoed the conflict。 Congress in 1887 empowered the President to retaliate by excluding Canadian vessels and goods from American ports。 Happily this power was not used。 Cleveland and Secretary of State Bayard were genuinely anxious to have the issue settled。 A joint commission drew up a well…considered plan； but in the face of a presidential election the Senate gave it short shrift。 Fortunately； however； a modus vivendi was arranged by which American vessels were admitted to port privileges on payment of a license。 Healing time； a healthful lack of publicity； changing fishing methods； and Canada's abandonment of her old policy of using fishing privileges as a makeweight； gradually eased the friction。
Yet if it was not the fishing question； there was sure to be some other issuebonding privileges； Canadian Pacific interloping in western rail hauls； tariff rates； or canal tolls…to disturb the peace。 Why not seek a remedy once for all； men now began to ask； by ending the unnatural separation between the halves of the continent which God and geography had joined and history and perverse politicians had kept asunder？
The political union of Canada and the United States has always found advocates。 In the United States a large proportion； perhaps a majority； of the people have until recently considered that the absorption of Canada into the Republic was its manifest destiny； though there has been little concerted effort to hasten fate。 In Canada such course of action has found much less backing。 United Empire Loyalist traditions； the ties with Britain constantly renewed by immigration； the dim stirrings of national sentiment； resentment against the trade policy of the United States； have all helped to turn popular sentiment into other channels。 Only at two periods； in 1849； and forty years later； has there been any active movement for annexation。
In the late eighties； as in the late forties； commercial depression and racial strife prepared the soil for the seed of annexation。 The chief sower in the later period was a brilliant Oxford don； Goldwin Smith； whose sympathy with the cause of the North had brought him to the United States。 In 1871； after a brief residence at Cornell； he made his home in Toronto； with high hopes of stimulating the intellectual life and molding the political future of the colony。 He so far forsook the strait 〃Manchester School〃 of his upbringing as to
