the canadian dominion-第14节

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nal　head；　Governor　or　King；　could　act　only　on　the　advice　of　his　ministers；　who　alone　were　held　responsible　to　Parliament　for　the　course　of　the　Government。　It　meant；　further；　national　self…government。　The　Governor　could　not　serve　two　masters。　If　he　must　take　the　advice　of　his　ministers　in　Canada；　he　could　not　take　the　possibly　conflicting　advice　of　ministers　in　London。　The　people　of　Canada　would　be　the　ultimate　court　of　appeal。　And　finally；　responsible　government　meant　party　government。　The　cabinet　system　presupposed　a　definite　and　united　majority　behind　the　Government。　It　was　the　business　of　the　party　system　to　provide　that　majority；　to　insure　responsible　and　steady　action；　and　at　the　same　time　responsible　criticism　from　Her　Majesty's　loyal　Opposition。　Baldwin　saw　this　clearly　in　1841；　but　it　took　hard　fighting　throughout　the　forties　to　bring　all　his　fellow　countrymen　to　see　likewise　and　to　induce　the　English　Government　to　resign　itself　to　the　prospect。

Sydenham　fought　against　responsible　government　but　advanced　it　against　his　will。　The　only　sense　in　which　he；　like　Russell；　was　prepared　to　concede　such　liberty　was　that　the　Governor　should　choose　his　advisers　as　far　as　possible　from　men　having　the　confidence　of　the　Assembly。　They　were　to　be　his　advisers　only；　in　fact　as　well　as　form。　The　Governor　was　still　to　govern；　was　to　be　Prime　Minister　and　Governor　in　one。　When　Baldwin；　who　had　been　given　a　seat　in　the　Executive　Council；　demanded　in　1841　that　this　body　should　be　reconstructed　in　such　a　way　as　to　include　some　French…Canadian　members　and　to　exclude　the　Family　Compact　men；　Sydenham　flatly　refused。　Baldwin　then　resigned　and　went　into　opposition；　but　Sydenham　unwillingly　played　into　his　hand。　By　choosing　his　council　solely　from　members　of　the　two　Houses；　he　established　a　definite　connection　between　Executive　and　Assembly　and　thus　gave　an　opportunity　for　the　discussion　of　the　administration　of　policy　in　the　House　and　for　the　forming　of　government　and　opposition　parties。　Before　the　first　session　closed；　the　majority　which　Sydenham　had　built　up　by　acting　as　a　party　leader　at　the　very　time　he　was　deriding　parties　as　mere　factions；　crumbled　away；　and　he　was　forced　to　accept　resolutions　insisting　that　the　Governor's　advisers　must　be　men　〃possessed　of　the　confidence　of　the　representatives　of　the　people。〃　Fate　ended　his　work　at　its　height。　Riding　home　one　September　evening；　he　was　thrown　from　his　horse　and　died　from　the　injuries　before　the　month　was　out。

It　fell　to　the　Tory　Government　of　Peel　to　choose　Sydenham's　successor。　They　named　Sir　Charles　Bagot；　already　distinguished　for　his　career　in　diplomacy　and　known　for　his　hand　in　matters　which　were　to　interest　the　greater　Canada；　the　Rush…Bagot　Convention　with　the　United　States　and　the　treaty　with　Russia　which　fixed；　only　too　vaguely；　the　boundaries　of　Alaska。　He　was　under　strict　injunctions　from　the　Colonial　Secretary；　Lord　Stanley；　to　continue　Sydenham's　policy　and　to　make　no　further　concession　to　the　demands　for　responsible　government　or　party　control。　Yet　this　Tory　nominee　of　a　Tory　Cabinet；　in　his　brief　term　of　office；　insured　a　great　advance　along　this　very　path　toward　freedom。　His　easy…going　temper　predisposed　him　to　play　the　part　of　constitutional　monarch　rather　than　of　Prime　Minister；　and　in　any　case　he　faced　a　majority　in　the　Assembly　resolute　in　its　determination。

The　policy　of　swamping　French　influence　had　already　proved　a　failure。　Sydenham　had　given　it　a　full　trial。　He　had　done　his　best；　or　his　worst；　by　unscrupulous　manipulation；　to　keep　the　French　Canadians　from　gaining　their　fair　quota　of　the　members　in　the　Union　Assembly。　Those　who　were　elected　he　ignored。　〃They　have　forgotten　nothing　and　learnt　nothing　by　the　Rebellion；　〃　he　declared；　〃and　are　more　unfit　for　representative　government　than　they　were　in　1791。〃　This　was　far　from　a　true　reading　of　the　situation。　The　French　stood　aloof；　it　is　true；　a　compact　and　sullen　group；　angered　by　the　undisguised　policy　of　Anglicization　that　faced　them　and　by　Sydenham's　unscrupulous　tactics。　But　they　had　learned　restraint　and　had　found　leaders　and　allies　of　the　kind　most　needed。　Papineau's　placefor　the　great　tribune　was　now　in　exile　in　Paris；　consorting　with　the　republicans　and　socialists　who　were　to　bring　about　the　Revolution　of　1848had　been　taken　by　one　of　his　former　lieutenants。　Louis　Hippolyte　La　Fontaine　still　stands　out　as　one　of　the　two　or　three　greatest　Canadians　of　French　descent；　a　man　of　massive　intellect；　of　unquestioned　integrity；　and　of　firm　but　moderate　temper。　With　Baldwin　he　came　to　form　a　close　and　lifelong　friendship。　The　Reformers　of　Canada　West；　as　Upper　Canada　was　now　called；　formed　a　working　alliance　with　La　Fontaine　which　gave　them　a　sweeping　majority　in　the　Assembly。　Bagot　bowed　to　the　inevitable　and　called　La　Fontaine　and　Baldwin　to　his　Council。　Ill　health　made　it　impossible　for　him　to　take　much　part　in　the　government；　and　the　Council　was　far　on　the　way　to　obtaining　the　unity　and　the　independence　of　a　true　Cabinet　when　Bagot's　death　in　1843　brought　a　new　turn　in　affairs。

The　British　Ministers　had　seen　with　growing　uneasiness　Bagot's　concessions。　His　successor；　Sir　Charles　Metcalfe；　a　man　of　honest　and　kindly　ways　but　accustomed　to　governing　oriental　peoples；　determined　to　make　a　stand　against　the　pretensions　of　the　Reformers。　In　this　attitude　he　was　strongly　backed　both　by　Stanley　and　by　his　successor；　that　brilliant　young　Tory；　William　Ewart　Gladstone。　Metcalfe　insisted　once　more　that　the　Governor　must　govern。　While　the　members　of　the　Council；　as　individuals；　might　give　him　advice；　it　was　for　him　to　decide　whether　or　not　to　take　it。　The　inevitable　clash　with　his　Ministers　came　in　the　autumn　of　1843　over　a　question　of　patronage。　They　resigned；　and　after　months　of　effort　Metcalfe　patched　up　a　Ministry　with　W。　H。　Draper　as　the　leading　member。　In　an　election　in　which　Metcalfe　himself　took　the　platform　and　in　which　once　more　British　connection　was　said　to　be　at　stake；　the　Ministry　obtained　a　narrow　majority。　But　opinion　soon　turned；　and　when　Metcalfe；　the　third　Governor　in　four　years　to　whom　Canada　had　proved　fatal；；　went　home　to　die；　he　knew　that　his　stand　had　been　in　vain。　The　Ministry；　after　a　precarious　life　of　three　years；　went　to　the　country　only　to　be　beaten　by　an　overwhelming　majority　in　both　East　and　West。　When；　in　1848；　Baldwin　and　La　Fontaine　were　called　to　office　under　the　new　Governor　General；　Lord　Elgin；　the　fight　was　won。　Many　years　were　to　pass　before　the　full　implications　of　responsible　government　were　worked　out；　but　henceforth　even　the　straitest　Tory　conceded　the　principle。　Responsible　government　had　ceased　to　be　a　party　cry　and　had　become　the　common　heritage　of　all　Canadians。

Lord　Elgin；　who　was　Durham's　son…in…law；　was　a　man　well　able　to　bear　the　mantle　of　his　predecessors。　Yet　he　realized　that　the　day　had　passed　when　Governors　could　govern　and　was　content　rather　to　advise　his　advisers；　to　wield　the　personal　influence　that　his　experience　and　sagacity　warranted。　Hitherto　the　stages　in　Canadian　history　had　been　recorded　by　the　term　of　office　of　the　Governors；　henceforth　it　was　to　be　the　tenure　of　Cabinets　which　counted。　Elgin　ceased　even　to　attend　the　Council；　and　after　his　time　the　Governor　became　more　and　more　the　constitutional　monarch；　busied　in　laying　corner　stones　and　listening　to　tiresome　official　addresses。　In　emergencies；　and　especially　in　the　gap　or　interregnum　between　Ministries；　the　personality　of　the　Governor　might　count；　but　as　a　rule　this　power　remained　latent。　Yet　in　two　turning　points　in　Canadian　history；　both　of　which　had　to　do　with　the　relations　of　Canada　to　the　United　States；　Elgin　was　to　play　an　important　part：　the　Annexation　Movement　of　1849　and　the　Reciprocity　Treaty　of　1854。

In　the　struggle　for　responsible　government；　loyalty　to　the　British　Crown；　loyalty　of　a　superior　and　exclusive　brand；　had　been　the　creed　and　the　war　cry　of　the　Tory　party。　Yet　in　1849　men　saw　the　hotheads　of　this　group　in　Montreal　stoning　a　British　Governor　General　and　setting　fire　to　the　Parliament　Buildings；　while　a　few　months　later　their　elders　issued　a　manifesto　urging　the　annexation　of　Canada　to　the　United　States。　Why　this　sudden　shift？　Simply　because　the　old　colonial　system　they　had　known　and　supported　had　come　to　an　end。　The　Empire　had　been　taken　to　mean　racial　ascendancy　and　trade　profit。　Now　both　the　political　and　the　economic　pillars　were　crumbling；　and　the　Empire　appeared　to　have　no　further　excuse　for　existence。

In　the　past　British　connection　had　meant　to　many　of　the　English　minority　in　Lower　Canada　a　means　of　redressing　the　political　balance；　of　retaining　power　in　face　of　a　body　of　French…speaking　citizens　outnumbering　them　three　or　four　to　one。　Now　that　support　had　been　withdrawn。　Britain　had　consented；　unwillingly；　to　the　setting　up　of　responsible　government　and　the　calling　to　office　of　men　who　a　dozen　years　before　had　been　in　arms　against　the　Queen　or　fleeing　from　the　province。　This　was　gall　and　wormwood　to　the　English。　But　when　the　Ministry　introduced；　and　the　Assembly　passed；　the　Rebellion　Losses　Bill　for　compensating　those　who　had　suffered　destruction　of　property　in　the　outbreak；　and　when　the　terms　were　so　drawn　as　to　make　it　possible；　its　critics　charged；　that　rebels　as　wel