the history of the telephone-第34节
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As a tame and tractable energy； Electricity is new。 It has no past and no pedigree。 It is younger than many people who are now alive。 Among the wise men of Greece and Rome； few knew its existence； and none put it to any practical use。 The wisest knew that a piece of amber； when rubbed； will attract feathery substances。 But they regarded this as poetry rather than science。 There was a pretty legend among the Phoenicians that the pieces of amber were the petrified tears of maidens who had thrown themselves into the sea because of unrequited love； and each bead of amber was highly prized。 It was worn as an amulet and a symbol of purity。 Not for two thousand years did any one dream that within its golden heart lay hidden the secret of a new electrical civilization。
Not even in 1752； when Benjamin Franklin flew his famous kite on the banks of the Schuylkill River； and captured the first CANNED LIGHTNING； was there any definite knowledge of electrical energy。 His lightning…rod was regarded as an insult to the deity of Heaven。 It was blamed for the earthquake of 1755。 And not until the telegraph of Morse came into general use； did men dare to think of the thunder…bolt of Jove as a possible servant of the human race。
Thus it happened that when Bell invented the telephone； he surprised the world with a new idea。 He had to make the thought as well as the thing。 No Jules Verne or H。 G。 Wells had foreseen it。 The author of the Arabian Nights fantasies had conceived of a flying carpet； but neither he nor any one else had conceived of flying conversation。 In all the literature of ancient days； there is not a line that will apply to the telephone； except possibly that expressive phrase in the Bible； 〃And there came a voice。〃 In these more privileged days； the telephone has come to be regarded as a commonplace fact of everyday life； and we are apt to forget that the wonder of it has become greater and not less； and that there are still honor and profit； plenty of both； to be won by the inventor and the scientist。
The flood of electrical patents was never higher than now。 There are literally more in a single month than the total number issued by the Patent Office up to 1859。 The Bell System has three hundred experts who are paid to do nothing else but try out all new ideas and inventions； and before these words can pass into the printed book； new uses and new methods will have been discovered。 There is therefore no immediate danger that the art of telephony will be less fascinating in the future than it has been in the past。 It will still be the most alluring and elusive sprite that ever led the way through a Dark Continent of mysterious phenomena。
There still remains for some future scientist the task of showing us in detail exactly what the telephone current does。 Such a man will study vibrations as Darwin studied the differentiation of species。 He will investigate how a child's voice； speaking from Boston to Omaha； can vibrate more than a million pounds of copper wire； and he will invent a finer system of time to fit the telephone； which can do as many different things in a second as a man can do in a day； transmitting with every tick of the clock from twenty… five to eighty thousand vibrations。 He will deal with the various vibrations of nerves and wires and wireless air； that are necessary in conveying thought between two separated minds。 He will make clear how a thought； originating in the brain； passes along the nerve…wires to the vocal chords； and then in wireless vibration of air to the disc of the transmitter。 At the other end of the line the second disc re…creates these vibrations； which impinge upon the nerve…wires of an ear； and are thus carried to the consciousness of another brain。
And so； notwithstanding all that has been done since Bell opened up the way； the telephone remains the acme of electrical marvels。 No other thing does so much with so little energy。 No other thing is more enswathed in the unknown。 Not even the gray…haired pioneers who have lived with the telephone since its birth； can understand their protege。 As to the why and the how； there is as yet no answer。 It is as true of telephony to…day as it was in 1876； that a child can use what the wisest sages cannot comprehend。
Here is a tiny disc of sheet…iron。 I speakit shudders。 It has a different shudder for every sound。 It has thousands of millions of different shudders。 There is a second disc many miles away； perhaps twenty…five hundred miles away。 Between the two discs runs a copper wire。 As I speak； a thrill of electricity flits along the wire。 This thrill is moulded by the shudder of the disc。 It makes the second disc shudder。 And the shudder of the second disc reproduces my voice。 That is what happens。 But hownot all the scientists of the world can tell。
The telephone current is a phenomenon of the ether； say the theorists。 But what is ether？ No one knows。 Sir Oliver Lodge has guessed that it is 〃perhaps the only substantial thing in the material universe〃； but no one knows。 There is nothing to guide us in that unknown country except a sign…post that points upwards and bears the one word〃Perhaps。〃 The ether of space！ Here is an Eldorado for the scientists of the future； and whoever can first map it out will go far toward discovering the secret of telephony。
Some daywho knows？there may come the poetry and grand opera of the telephone。 Artists may come who will portray the marvel of the wires that quiver with electrified words； and the romance of the switchboards that trem… ble with the secrets of a great city。 Already Puvis de Chavannes； by one of his superb panels in the Boston Library； has admitted the telephone and the telegraph to the world of art。 He has embodied them as two flying figures； poised above the electric wires； and with the following inscription underneath： 〃By the wondrous agency of electricity； speech dashes through space and swift as lightning bears tidings of good and evil。〃
But these random guesses as to the future of the telephone may fall far short of what the reality will be。 In these dazzling days it is idle to predict。 The inventor has everywhere put the prophet out of business。 Fact has outrun Fancy。 When Morse； for instance； was tacking up his first little line of wire around the Speedwell Iron Works； who could have foreseen two hundred and fifty thousand miles of submarine cables； by which the very oceans are all aquiver with the news of the world？ When Fulton's tiny tea…kettle of a boat steamed up the Hudson to Albany in two days； who could have foreseen the steel leviathans； one…sixth of a mile in length； that can in the same time cut the Atlantic Ocean in halves？ And when Bell stood in a dingy workshop in Boston and heard the clang of a clock…spring come over an electric wire； who could have foreseen the massive structure of the Bell System； built up by half the telephones of the world； and by the investment of more actual capital than has gone to the making of any other industrial association？ Who could have foreseen what the telephone bells have done to ring out the old ways and to ring in the new； to ring out delay； and isolation and to ring in the efficiency and the friendliness of a truly united people？
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