the sequel of appomattox-第41节

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ed；　but　the　necessities　of　the　times　forbade　that；　the　conditions　of　things　required　that　they　should　be　brought　to　the　polls　at　once。〃　Now　the　condition　of　things　required　that　some　arrangement　be　made　with　the　Southern　whites　which　would　involve　a　complete　reversal　of　the　situation　of　1867。　In　order　to　secure　the　unopposed　succession　of　Hayes；　to　defeat　filibustering　which　might　endanger　the　decision　of　the　Electoral　Commission；　politicians　who　could　speak　with　authority　for　Hayes　assured　influential　Southern　politicians；　who　wanted　no　more　civil　war　but　who　did　want　home　rule；　that　an　arrangement　might　be　made　which　would　be　satisfactory　to　both　sides。

So　the　contest　was　ended。　Hayes　was　to　be　President；　the　South；　with　the　Negro；　was　to　be　left　to　the　whites；　there　would　be　no　further　military　aid　to　carpetbag　governments。　In　so　far　as　the　South　was　concerned；　it　was　a　fortunate　settlement　better；　indeed；　than　if　Tilden　had　been　inducted　into　office。　The　remnants　of　the　reconstruction　policy　were　surrendered　by　a　Republican　President；　the　troops　were　soon　withdrawn；　and　the　three　radical　states　fell　at　once　under　the　control　of　the　whites。　Hayes　could　not　see　in　his　election　any　encouragement　to　adopt　a　vigorous　radical　position；　and　Congress　was　deadlocked　on　party　issues　for　fifteen　years。　As　a　result　the　radical　Republicans　had　to　develop　other　interests；　and　the　North　gradually　accepted　the　Southern　situation。

Although　the　radical　policy　of　reconstruction　came　to　an　end　in　1877；　some　of　its　results　were　more　lasting。　The　Southern　States　were　burdened　heavily　with　debt；　much　of　which　had　been　fraudulently　incurred。　There　now　followed　a　period　of　adjustment；　of　refunding；　scaling；　and　repudiation；　which　not　only　injured　the　credit　of　the　states　but　left　them　with　enormous　debts。　The　Democratic　party　under　the　leadership　of　former　Confederates　began　its　regime　of　strict　economy；　race　fairness；　and　inelastic　Jeffersonianism。　There　was　a　political　rest　which　almost　amounted　to　stagnation　and　which　the　leaders　were　unwilling　to　disturb　by　progressive　measures　lest　a　developing　democracy　make　trouble　with　the　settlement　of　1877。

The　undoing　of　reconstruction　was　not　entirely　completed　with　the　understanding　of　1877。　There　remained　a　large　but　somewhat　shattered　Republican　party　in　the　South；　with　control　over　county　and　local　government　in　many　Negro　districts。　Little　by　little　the　Democrats　rooted　out　these　last　vestiges　of　Negro　control；　using　all　the　old　radical　methods　and　some　improvements；*　such　as　tissue　ballots；　the　shuffling　of　ballot　boxes；　bribery；　force；　and　redistricting；　while　some　regions　were　placed　entirely　under　executive　control　and　were　ruled　by　appointed　commissions。　With　the　good　government　which　followed　these　changes　a　deadlocked　Congress　showed　no　great　desire　to　interfere。　The　Supreme　Court　came　to　the　aid　of　the　Democrats　with　decisions　in　1875；　1882；　and　1883　which　drew　the　teeth　from　the　Enforcement　Laws；　and　Congress　in　1894　repealed　what　was　left　of　these　regulations。

*See　〃The　New　South〃；　by　Holland　Thompson　（in　〃The　Chronicles　of　America〃）。

Under　such　discouraging　conditions　the　voting　strength　of　the　Republicans　rapidly　melted　away。　The　party　organization　existed　for　the　Federal　offices　only　and　was　interested　in　keeping　down　the　number　of　those　who　desired　to　be　rewarded。　As　a　consequence；　the　leaders　could　work　in　harmony　with　those　Democratic　chiefs　who　were　content　with　a　〃solid　South〃　and　local　home　rule。　The　Negroes　of　the　Black　Belt；　with　less　enthusiasm　and　hope；　but　with　quite　the　same　docility　as　in　1868；　began　to　vote　as　the　Democratic　leaders　directed。　This　practice　brought　up　in　another　form　the　question　of　〃Negro　government〃　and　resulted　in　a　demand　from　the　people　of　the　white　counties　that　the　Negro　be　put　entirely　out　of　politics。　The　answer　came　between　1890　and　1902　in　the　form　of　new　and　complicated　election　laws　or　new　constitutions　which　in　various　ways　shut　out　the　Negro　from　the　polls　and　left　the　government　to　the　whites。　Three　times　have　the　Black　Belt　regions　dominated　the　Southern　States：　under　slavery；　when　the　master　class　controlled；　under　reconstruction；　when　the　leaders　of　the　Negroes　had　their　own　way；　and　after　reconstruction　until　Negro　disfranchisement；　when　the　Democratic　dictators　of　the　Negro　vote　ruled　fairly　but　not　always　acceptably　to　the　white　counties　which　are　now　the　source　of　their　political　power。






BIBLIOGRAPHICAL　NOTE

The　best　general　accounts　of　the　reconstruction　period　are　found　in　James　Ford　Rhodes's　〃History　of　the　United　States　from　the　Compromise　of　1850　to　the　Restoration　of　Home　Rule　at　the　South　in　1877〃；　volumes　V；　VI；　VII　（1906）；　in　William　A。　Dunning's　〃Reconstruction；　Political　and　Economic〃；　1865…1877；　in　the　〃American　Nation〃　Series；　volume　XXII　（1907）；　and　in　Peter　Joseph　Hamilton's　〃The　Reconstruction　Period〃　（1905）；　which　is　volume　XVI　of　〃The　History　of　North　America〃；　edited　by　F。　N。　Thorpe。　The　work　of　Rhodes　is　spacious　and　fair…minded　but　there　are　serious　gaps　in　his　narrative；　Dunning's　briefer　account　covers　the　entire　field　with　masterly　handling；　Hamilton's　history　throws　new　light　on　all　subjects　and　is　particularly　useful　for　an　understanding　of　the　Southern　point　of　view。　A　valuable　discussion　of　constitutional　problems　is　contained　in　William　A。　Dunning's　〃Essay　on　the　Civil　War　and　Reconstruction　and　Related　Topics〃　（1904）；　and　a　criticism　of　the　reconstruction　policies　from　the　point　of　view　of　political　science　and　constitutional　law　is　to　be　found　in　J。　W。　Burgess's　〃Reconstruction　and　the　Constitution；　1866…1876〃　（1902）。　E。　B。　Andrews's　〃The　United　States　in　our　own　Time〃　（1903）　gives　a　popular　treatment　of　the　later　period。　A　collection　of　brief　monographs　entitled　〃Why　the　Solid　South？〃　by　Hilary　A。　Herbert　and　others　（1890）　was　written　as　a　campaign　document　to　offset　the　drive　made　by　the　Republicans　in　1889　for　new　enforcement　laws。

There　are　many　scholarly　monographs　on　reconstruction　in　the　several　states。　The　best　of　these　are：　J。　W。　Garner's　〃Reconstruction　in　Mississippi〃　（1901）；　W。　L。　Fleming's　〃Civil　War　and　Reconstruction　in　Alabama〃　（1905）；　J。　G。　deR。　Hamilton's　〃Reconstruction　in　North　Carolina〃　（1914）；　W。　W。　Davis's　〃The　Civil　War　and　Reconstruction　in　Florida〃　（1913）；　J。　S。　Reynolds's　〃Reconstruction　in　South　Carolina〃；　1865…1877　（1905）；　C。　W。　Ramsdell's　〃Reconstruction　in　Texas〃　（1910）；　and　C。　M。　Thompson's　〃Reconstruction　in　Georgia〃　（1915）。

Books　of　interest　on　special　phases　of　reconstruction　are　not　numerous；　but　among　those　deserving　mention　are　Paul　S。　Pierce's　〃The　Freedmen's　Bureau〃　（1904）；　D。　M。　DeWitt's　〃The　Impeachment　and　Trial　of　Andrew　Johnson〃　（1903）；　and　Paul　L。　Haworth's　〃The　Hayes…Tilden　Disputed　Presidential　Election　of　1876〃　（1906）；　each　of　which　is　a　thorough　study　of　its　field。　J。　C。　Lester　and　D。　L。　Wilson's　〃Ku　Klux　Klan〃　（1905）　and　M。　L。　Avary's　〃Dixie　After　the　War〃　（1906）　contribute　much　to　a　fair　understanding　of　the　feeling　of　the　whites　after　the　Civil　War；　and　Gideon　Welles；　〃Diary〃；　3　vols。　（1911）；　is　a　mine　of　information　from　a　conservative　cabinet　officer's　point　of　view。

For　the　politician's　point　of　view　one　may　go　to　James　G。　Blaine's　〃Twenty　Years　of　Congress〃；　2　vols。　（1884；　1886）　and　Samuel　S。　Cox's　〃Three　Decades　of　Federal　Legislation〃　（1885）。　Good　biographies　are　James　A。　Woodburn's　〃The　Life　of　Thaddeus　Stevens〃　（1913）；　Moorfield　Storey's　〃Charles　Sumner〃　（1900）；　C。　F。　Adams's　〃Charles　Francis　Adams〃　（1900）。　Less　satisfactory　because　more　partisan　is　Edward　Stanwood's　〃James　Gillespie　Blaine〃　（1906）。　There　are　no　adequate　biographies　of　the　Democratic　and　Southern　leaders。

The　official　documents　are　found　conveniently　arranged　in　William　McDonald's　〃Select　Statutes〃；　1861…1898　（1903）；　and　also　with　other　material　in　Walter　L。　Fleming's　〃Documentary　History　of　Reconstruction〃；　2　vols。　（1906；　1907）。　The　general　reader　is　usually　repelled　by　the　collections　known　as　〃Public　Documents〃。　The　valuable　〃Ku　Klux　Trials〃　（1872）　is；　however；　separately　printed　and　to　be　found　in　most　good　libraries。　By　a　judicious　use　of　the　indispensable　〃Tables　and　Index　to　Public　Documents；〃　one　can　find　much　vividly　interesting　material　in　connection　with　contested　election　cases　and　reports　of　congressional　investigations　into　conditions　in　the　South。








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