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The church organizations were as much involved in the war and in the reconstruction as were secular institutions。 Before the war every religious organization having members North and South; except the Catholic Church and the Jews; had separated into independent Northern and Southern bodies。 In each section church feeling ran high; and when the war came; the churches supported the armies。 As the Federal armies occupied Southern territory; the church buildings of each denomination were turned over to the corresponding Northern body; and Southern ministers were permitted to remain only upon agreeing to conduct 〃loyal services; pray for the President of the United States and for Federal victories〃 and to foster 〃loyal sentiment。〃 The Protestant Episcopal churches in Alabama were closed from September to December 1865; and some congregations were dispersed by the soldiers because Bishop Wilmer had directed his clergy to omit the prayer for President Davis but had substituted no other。 The ministers of non…liturgical churches were not so easily controlled。 A Georgia Methodist preacher directed by a Federal officer to pray for the President said afterwards: 〃I prayed for the President that the Lord would take out of him and his allies the hearts of beasts and put into them the hearts of men or remove the cusses from office。〃 Sometimes members of a congregation showed their resentment at the 〃loyal〃 prayers by leaving the church。 But in spite of many irritations; both sides frequently managed to get some amusement out of the 〃loyal〃 services。 The church situation was; however; a serious matter during and after the reconstruction; and some of its later phases will have to be discussed elsewhere。

The Unionist; or 〃Tory;〃 of the lower and eastern South found himself; in 1865; a man without a country。 Few in number in any community; they found themselves; upon their return from a harsh exile; the victims of ostracism or open hostility。 One of them; William H。 Smith; later Governor of Alabama; testified that the Southern people 〃manifest the most perfect contempt for a man who is known to be an unequivocal Union man; they call him a 'galvanized Yankee' and apply other terms and epithets to him。〃 General George H。 Thomas; speaking of a region more divided in sentiment than Alabama; remarked that 〃Middle Tennessee is disturbed by animosities and hatreds; much more than it is by the disloyalty of persons towards the Government of the United States。

Those personal animosities would break out and overawe the civil authorities; but for the presence there of the troops of the United States 。 。 。 。 They are more unfriendly to Union men; natives of the State of Tennessee; or of the South; who have been in the Union army; than they are to men of Northern birth。〃

In the border states; society was sharply divided; and feeling was bitter。 In eastern Tennessee; eastern Kentucky; West Virginia; and parts of Arkansas and Missouri; returning Confederates met harsher treatment than did the Unionists in the lower South。 Trowbridge says of east Tennessee: 〃Returning rebels were robbed; and if one had stolen unawares to his home; it was not safe for him to remain there。 I saw in Virginia one of these exiles; who told me how homesickly he pined for the hills and meadows of east Tennessee; which he thought the most delightful region in the world。 But; there was a rope hanging from a tree for him there; and he dared not go back。 'The bottom rails are on top;' said he; 'that is the trouble。' The Union element; and the worst part of the Union element; was uppermost。〃 Confederates and Confederate sympathizers in Maryland; West Virginia; Tennessee; and Kentucky; were disfranchised。 In West Virginia; Tennessee; and Missouri; 〃war trespass〃 suits were brought against returning Confederates for military acts done in war time。 In Missouri and West Virginia; strict test oaths excluded Confederates from office; from the polls; and from the professions of teaching; preaching; and law。 On the other hand in central and western Kentucky; the predominant Unionist population; themselves suffering through the abolition of slavery; and by the objectionable operations of the Freedmen's Bureau and the unwise military administration; showed more sympathy for the Confederates; welcomed them home; and soon relieved them of all restrictions。

Still another element of discord was added by the Northerners who came to exploit the South。 Many mustered…out soldiers proposed to stay。 Speculators of all kinds followed the withdrawing Confederate lines and with the conclusion of peace spread through the country; but they were not cordially received。 With the better class; the Southerners; especially the soldiers; associated freely if seldom intimately。 But the conduct of a few of their number who considered that the war had opened all doors to them; who very freely expressed their views; gave advice; condemned old customs; and were generally offensive; did much to bring all Northerners into disrepute。 Tactlessly critical letters published in Northern papers did not add to their popularity。 The few Northern women felt the ostracism more keenly than did the men。 Benjamin C。 Truman; an agent of President Johnson; thus summed up the situation: 〃There is a prevalent disposition not to associate too freely with Northern men or to receive them into the circles of society; but it is far from unsurmountable。 Over Southern society; as over every other; woman reigns supreme; and they are more embittered against those whom they deem the authors of all their calamities than are their brothers; sons; and husbands。〃 But; of the thousands of Northern men who overcame the reluctance of the Southerners to social intercourse; little was heard。 Many a Southern planter secured a Northern partner or sold him half his plantation to get money to run the other half。 For the irritations of 1865; each party must take its share of responsibility。

Had the South assisted in a skillful and adequate publicity; much disastrous misunderstanding might have been avoided。 The North knew as little of the South as the South did of the North; but the North was eager for news。 Able newspaper correspondents like Sidney Andrews of the Boston Advertiser and the Chicago Tribune; who opposed President Johnson's policies; Thomas W。 Knox of the New York Herald; who had given General Sherman so much trouble in Tennessee; Whitelaw Reid; who wrote for several papers and tried cotton planting in Louisiana; and John T。 Trowbridge; New England author and journalist; were dispatched southwards。 Chief of the President's investigators was General Carl Schurz; German revolutionist; Federal soldier; and soon to be radical Republican; who held harsh views of the Southern people; and there were besides Harvey M。 Watterson; Kentucky Democrat and Unionist; the father of 〃Marse〃 Henry; Benjamin C。 Truman; New England journalist and soldier; whose long report was perhaps the best of all; Chief Justice Chase; who was thinking mainly of 〃How soon can the Negro vote?〃; and General Grant; who made a report so brief that; notwithstanding its value; it attracted little attention。 In addition a constant stream of information and misinformation was going northward from treasury agents; officers of the army; the Freedmen's Bureau; teachers; and missionaries。 Among foreigners who described the conquered land were Robert Somers; Henry Latham; and William Hepworth Dixon。 But few in the South realized the importance of supplying the North with correct information about actual conditions。 The letters and reports; they thought; humiliated them; inquiry was felt to be prying and gloating。 〃Correspondents have added a new pang to surrender;〃 it was said。 The South was proud and refused to be catechized。 From the Northern point of view; the South; a new and strange region with strange customs and principles; was of course; not to be considered as quite normal and American; but there was on the part of many correspondents a determined attempt to describe things as they were。 And yet the North persisted in its unsympathetic queries when it seemed to have a sufficient answer in the reports of Grant; Schurz; and Truman。

Grant's opinion was short and direct: 〃I am satisfied that the mass of thinking men of the South accept the present situation of affairs in good faith 。 。 。 。 The citizens of the Southern States are anxious to return to self…government within the Union as soon as possible。〃 Truman came to the conclusion that 〃the rank and file of the disbanded Southern army 。 。 。 are the backbone and sinew of the South 。 。 。 。 To the disbanded regiments of the rebel army; both officers and men; I look with great confidence as the best and altogether the most hopeful element of the South; the real basis of reconstruction and the material of worthy citizenship。〃 General John Tarbell; before the Joint Committee on Reconstruction; testified that 〃there are; no doubt; disloyal and disorderly persons in the South; but it is an entire mistake to apply these terms to a whole people。 I would as soon travel alone; unarmed; through the South as through the North。 The South I left is not at all the South I hear and read about in the North。 From the sentiment I hear in the North; I wo

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