the sequel of appomattox-第3节

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hen；　their　benefactors　now；　have　their　sacks　filled　and　are　fed。〃

Acute　distress　continued　until　1867；　after　that　year　there　was　no　further　danger　of　starvation。　Some　of　the　poor　whites；　especially　in　the　remote　districts；　never　again　reached　a　comfortable　standard　of　living；　some　were　demoralized　by　too　much　assistance；　others　were　discouraged　and　left　the　South　for　the　West　or　the　North。　But　the　mass　of　the　people　accepted　the　discipline　of　poverty　and　made　the　best　of　their　situation。

The　difficulties；　however；　that　beset　even　the　courageous　and　the　competent　were　enormous。　The　general　paralysis　of　industry；　the　breaking　up　of　society；　and　poverty　on　all　sides　bore　especially　hard　on　those　who　had　not　previously　been　manual　laborers。　Physicians　could　get　practice　enough　but　no　fees；　lawyers　who　had　supported　the　Confederacy　found　it　difficult　to　get　back　into　the　reorganized　courts　because　of　the　test　oaths　and　the　competition　of　〃loyal〃　attorneys；　and　for　the　teachers　there　were　few　schools。　We　read　of　officers　high　in　the　Confederate　service　selling　to　Federal　soldiers　the　pies　and　cakes　cooked　by　their　wives；　of　others　selling　fish　and　oysters　which　they　themselves　had　caught；　and　of　men　and　women　hitching　themselves　to　plows　when　they　had　no　horse　or　mule。

Such　incidents　must；　from　their　nature；　have　been　infrequent；　but　they　show　to　what　straits　some　at　least　were　reduced。　Six　years　after　the　war；　James　S。　Pike；　then　in　South　Carolina；　mentions　cases　which　might　be　duplicated　in　nearly　every　old　Southern　community：　〃In　the　vicinity；〃　he　says；　〃lived　a　gentleman　whose　income　when　the　war　broke　out　was　rated　at　150；000　a　year。　Not　a　vestige　of　his　whole　vast　estate　remains　today。　Not　far　distant　were　the　estates　of　a　large　proprietor　and　a　well…known　family；　rich　and　distinguished　for　generations。　The　slaves　were　gone。　The　family　is　gone。　A　single　scion　of　the　house　remains；　and　he　peddles　tea　by　the　pound　and　molasses　by　the　quart；　on　a　corner　of　the　old　homestead；　to　the　former　slaves　of　the　family　and　thereby　earns　his　livelihood。〃

General　Lee's　good　example　influenced　many。　Commercial　enterprises　were　willing　to　pay　for　the　use　of　his　name　and　reputation；　but　he　wished　to　farm　and　could　get　no　opportunity。　〃They　are　offering　my　father　everything；〃　his　daughter　said；　〃except　the　only　thing　he　will　accept；　a　place　to　earn　honest　bread　while　engaged　in　some　useful　work。〃　This　remark　led　to　an　offer　of　the　presidency　of　Washington　College；　now　Washington　and　Lee　University；　which　he　accepted。　〃I　have　a　self…imposed　task　which　I　must　accomplish；〃　he　said；　〃I　have　led　the　young　men　of　the　South　in　battle；　I　have　seen　many　of　them　fall　under　my　standard。　I　shall　devote　my　life　now　to　training　young　men　to　do　their　duty　in　life。〃

The　condition　of　honest　folk　was　still　further　troubled　by　a　general　spirit　of　lawlessness　in　many　regions。　Virginia；　Tennessee；　Arkansas；　and　Louisiana　recognized　the　〃Union〃　state　government；　but　the　coming　of　peace　brought　legal　anarchy　to　the　other　states　of　the　Confederacy。　The　Confederate　state　and　local　governments　were　abolished　as　the　armies　of　occupation　spread　over　the　South；　and　for　a　period　of　four　or　six　months　there　was　no　government　except　that　exercised　by　the　commanders　of　the　military　garrisons　left　behind　when　the　armies　marched　away。　Even　before　the　surrender；　the　local　governments　were　unable　to　make　their　authority　respected；　and　soon　after　the　war　ended；　parts　of　the　country　became　infested　with　outlaws；　pretend　treasury　agents；　horse　thieves；　cattle　thieves；　and　deserters。　Away　from　the　military　posts　only　lynch　law　could　cope　with　these　elements　of　disorder。

With　the　aid　of　the　army　in　the　more　settled　regions；　and　by　extra…legal　means　elsewhere；　the　outlaws；　thieves；　cotton　burners；　and　house　burners　were　brought　somewhat　under　control　even　before　the　state　governments　were　reorganized；　though　the　embers　of　lawlessness　continued　to　smolder。

The　relations　between　the　Federal　soldiers　stationed　in　the　principal　towns　and　the　native　white　population　were　not；　on　the　whole；　so　bad　as　might　have　been　expected。　If　the　commanding　officer　were　well　disposed；　there　was　little　danger　of　friction；　though　sometimes　his　troops　got　out　of　hand。　The　regulars　had　a　better　reputation　than　the　volunteers。　The　Confederate　soldiers　were　surfeited　with　fighting；　but　the　〃stay…at…home〃　element　was　often　a　cause　of　trouble。　The　problem　of　social　relations　between　the　conquerors　and　the　conquered　was　troublesome。　The　men　might　get　along　well　together；　but　the　women　would　have　nothing　do　with　the　〃Yankees；〃　and　ill　feeling　arose　because　of　their　antipathy。　Carl　Schurz　reported　that　〃the　soldier　of　the　Union　is　looked　upon　as　a　stranger；　an　intruder；　as　the　'Yankee；'　the　'enemy。'　。　。　。　The　existence　and　intensity　of　this　aversion　is　too　well　known　to　those　who　have　served　or　are　serving　in　the　South　to　require　proof。〃

In　retaliation　the　soldiers　developed　ingenious　ways　of　annoying　the　whites。　Women；　forced　for　any　reason　to　go　to　headquarters；　were　made　to　take　the　oath　of　allegiance　or　the　〃ironclad〃　oath　before　their　requests　were　granted；　flags　were　fastened　over　doors；　gates；　or　sidewalks　in　order　to　irritate　the　recalcitrant　dames　and　their　daughters。　Confederate　songs　and　color　combinations　were　forbidden。　In　Richmond；　General　Halleck　ordered　that　no　marriages　be　performed　unless　the　bride；　the　groom；　and　the　officiating　clergyman　took　the　oath　of　allegiance。　He　explained　this　as　a　measure　taken　to　prevent　〃the　propagation　of　legitimate　rebels。〃

The　wearing　of　Confederate　uniforms　was　forbidden　by　military　order；　but　by　May　1865；　few　soldiers　possessed　regulation　uniforms。　In　Tennessee　the　State　also　imposed　fines　upon　*wear　wearers　of　the　uniform。　In　the　vicinity　of　military　posts；　buttons　and　marks　of　rank　were　usually　ordered　removed　and　the　gray　clothes　dyed　with　some　other　color。　General　Lee；　for　example；　had　the　buttons　on　his　coat　covered　with　cloth。　But　frequently　the　Federal　commander；　after　issuing　the　orders；　paid　no　more　attention　to　the　matter　and　such　conflicts　as　arose　on　account　of　the　uniform　were　usually　caused　by　officious　enlisted　men　and　the　Negro　troops。　Whitelaw　Reid　relates　the　following　incident：

〃Nothing　was　more　touching；　in　all　that　I　saw　in　Savannah；　than　the　almost　painful　effort　of　the　rebels；　from　generals　down　to　privates；　to　conduct　themselves　so　as　to　evince　respect　for　our　soldiers；　and　to　bring　no　severer　punishment　upon　the　city　than　it　had　already　received。　There　was　a　brutal　scene　at　the　hotel；　where　a　drunken　sergeant；　with　a　pair　of　tailor's　shears；　insisted　on　cutting　the　buttons　from　the　uniform　of　an　elegant　gray…headed　old　brigadier；　who　had　just　come　in　from　Johnston's　army；　but　he　bore　himself　modestly　and　very　handsomely　through　it。　His　staff　was　composed　of　fine…looking；　stalwart　fellows；　evidently　gentlemen；　who　appeared　intensely　mortified　at　such　treatment。　They　had　no　clothes　except　their　rebel　uniforms；　and　had；　as　yet；　had　no　time　to　procure　others；　but　they　avoided　disturbances　and　submitted　to　what　they　might；　with　some　propriety；　and　with　the　general　approval　of　our　officers；　*have　resented。〃

The　Negro　troops；　even　at　their　best；　were　everywhere　considered　offensive　by　the　native　whites。　General　Grant；　indeed；　urged　that　only　white　troops　be　used　to　garrison　the　interior。　But　the　Negro　soldier；　impudent　by　reason　of　his　new　freedom；　his　new　uniform；　and　his　new　gun；　was　more　than　Southern　temper　could　tranquilly　bear；　and　race　conflicts　were　frequent。　A　New　Orleans　newspaper　thus　states　the　Southern　point　of　view：　〃Our　citizens　who　had　been　accustomed　to　meet　and　treat　the　Negroes　only　as　respectful　servants；　were　mortified；　pained；　and　shocked　to　encounter　them　。　。　。　wearing　Federal　uniforms　and　bearing　bright　muskets　and　gleaming　bayonets　。　。　。　。　They　are　jostled　from　the　sidewalks　by　dusky　guards；　marching　four　abreast。　They　were　halted；　in　rude　and　sullen　tones；　by　Negro　sentinels。〃

The　task　of　the　Federal　forces　was　not　easy。　The　garrisons　were　not　large　enough　nor　numerous　enough　to　keep　order　in　the　absence　of　civil　government。　The　commanders　in　the　South　asked　in　vain　for　cavalry　to　police　the　rural　districts。　Much　of　the　disorder；　violence；　and　incendiarism　attributed　at　the　time　to　lawless　soldiers　appeared　later　to　be　due　to　discharged　soldiers　and　others　pretending　to　be　soldiers　in　order　to　carry　out　schemes　of　robbery。　The　whites　complained　vigorously　of　the　garrisons；　and　petitions　were　sent　to　Washington　from　mass　meetings　and　from　state　legislatures　asking　for　their　removal。　The　higher　commanders；　however；　bore　themselves　well；　and　in　a　few　fortunate　cases　Southern　whites　were　on　most　amicable　terms　with　the　garrison　commanders。　The　correspondence　of　responsible　military　officers　in　the　South　shows　how　earnestly　and　considerately　each；　as　a　rule；　tried　to　work　out　his　task。　The　good　sense　of　most　of　the　Federal　officers　appeared　when；　after　the　murder　of　Lincoln；　even　General　Grant　for　a　brief　space　lost　his　head　and　ordered　the　arrest　of　paroled　Confederates。


The　church　organizations　were　as　much　involved　in　the　war　and　in　the　reconstruction　as　were　secular　institutions。　Before　the　war