Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the sequel of appomattox >

µÚ24½Ú

the sequel of appomattox-µÚ24½Ú

С˵£º the sequel of appomattox ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



ould¡¡not¡¡possibly¡¡assure¡¡him¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡fit¡¡for¡¡the¡¡suffrage¡£¡¡For¡¡even¡¡Patton¡¡and¡¡Hampton¡¡must¡¡tell¡¡him¡¡that¡¡they¡¡knew¡¡better¡¡than¡¡he¡¡and¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡follow¡¡their¡¡advice¡£

The¡¡appeal¡¡made¡¡to¡¡freedmen¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡leaders¡¡was¡¡in¡¡every¡¡way¡¡more¡¡forceful£»¡¡because¡¡it¡¡bad¡¡behind¡¡it¡¡the¡¡prestige¡¡of¡¡victory¡¡in¡¡war¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡future¡¡it¡¡could¡¡promise¡¡anything¡£¡¡Until¡¡1867£»¡¡the¡¡principal¡¡agency¡¡in¡¡bringing¡¡about¡¡the¡¡separation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡races¡¡had¡¡been¡¡the¡¡Freedmen's¡¡Bureau¡¡which£»¡¡with¡¡its¡¡authority£»¡¡its¡¡courts£»¡¡its¡¡rations£»¡¡clothes£»¡¡and¡¡its¡¡¡¨forty¡¡acres¡¡and¡¡a¡¡mule£»¡¨¡¡did¡¡effective¡¡work¡¡in¡¡breaking¡¡down¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡master¡£¡¡But¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡fully¡¡the¡¡almost¡¡absolute¡¡control¡¡exercised¡¡over¡¡the¡¡blacks¡¡in¡¡1867¡­68¡¡by¡¡alien¡¡adventurers£»¡¡one¡¡must¡¡examine¡¡the¡¡workings¡¡of¡¡an¡¡oath¡­bound¡¡society¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡or¡¡Loyal¡¡League¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡this¡¡order£»¡¡dominated¡¡by¡¡a¡¡few¡¡radical¡¡whites£»¡¡which¡¡organized£»¡¡disciplined£»¡¡and¡¡controlled¡¡the¡¡ignorant¡¡Negro¡¡masses¡¡and¡¡paralyzed¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡conservative¡¡whites¡£

The¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡of¡¡America¡¡had¡¡its¡¡origin¡¡in¡¡Ohio¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fall¡¡of¡¡1862£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡outlook¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡cause¡¡was¡¡gloomy¡£¡¡The¡¡moderate¡¡policies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lincoln¡¡Administration¡¡had¡¡alienated¡¡those¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡extreme¡¡measures£»¡¡the¡¡Confederates¡¡had¡¡won¡¡military¡¡successes¡¡in¡¡the¡¡field£»¡¡the¡¡Democrats¡¡had¡¡made¡¡some¡¡gains¡¡in¡¡the¡¡elections£»¡¡the¡¡Copperheads*¡¡were¡¡actively¡¡opposed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Washington¡¡Government£»¡¡the¡¡Knights¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Golden¡¡Circle¡¡were¡¡organizing¡¡to¡¡resist¡¡the¡¡continuance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Emancipation¡¡Proclamation¡¡had¡¡chilled¡¡the¡¡loyalty¡¡of¡¡many¡¡Union¡¡men£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡everywhere¡¡at¡¡a¡¡low¡¡ebb£»¡¡especially¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡cities¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡to¡¡counteract¡¡these¡¡depressing¡¡influences¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡movement¡¡was¡¡begun¡¡among¡¡those¡¡who¡¡were¡¡associated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡Sanitary¡¡Commission¡£¡¡Observing¡¡the¡¡threatening¡¡state¡¡of¡¡public¡¡opinion£»¡¡members¡¡of¡¡this¡¡organization¡¡proposed¡¡that¡¡¡¨loyalty¡¡be¡¡organized£»¡¡consolidated¡¡and¡¡made¡¡effective¡£¡¨

*¡¡See¡¡¡¨Abraham¡¡Lincoln¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Union¡¨£»¡¡by¡¡Nathaniel¡¡W¡£¡¡Stephenson¡¡£¨in¡¡¡¨The¡¡Chronicles¡¡of¡¡America¡¨£©£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡156¡­7£»¡¡234¡­5¡£


The¡¡first¡¡organization¡¡was¡¡made¡¡by¡¡eleven¡¡men¡¡in¡¡Cleveland£»¡¡Ohio£»¡¡in¡¡November¡¡1862¡£¡¡The¡¡Philadelphia¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡was¡¡organized¡¡a¡¡month¡¡later£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡January¡¡1863£»¡¡the¡¡New¡¡York¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡followed¡£¡¡The¡¡members¡¡were¡¡pledged¡¡to¡¡uncompromising¡¡and¡¡unconditional¡¡loyalty¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡to¡¡complete¡¡subordination¡¡of¡¡political¡¡views¡¡to¡¡this¡¡loyalty£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡the¡¡repudiation¡¡of¡¡any¡¡belief¡¡in¡¡state¡¡rights¡£¡¡The¡¡other¡¡large¡¡cities¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡example¡¡of¡¡Philadelphia¡¡and¡¡New¡¡York£»¡¡and¡¡soon¡¡Leagues£»¡¡connected¡¡in¡¡a¡¡loose¡¡federation£»¡¡were¡¡formed¡¡all¡¡through¡¡the¡¡North¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡social¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡political¡¡in¡¡their¡¡character¡¡and¡¡assumed¡¡as¡¡their¡¡task¡¡the¡¡stimulation¡¡and¡¡direction¡¡of¡¡loyal¡¡Union¡¡opinion¡£

As¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡armies¡¡proceeded¡¡to¡¡occupy¡¡the¡¡South£»¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡sent¡¡its¡¡agents¡¡among¡¡the¡¡disaffected¡¡Southern¡¡people¡£¡¡Its¡¡agents¡¡cared¡¡for¡¡Negro¡¡refugees¡¡in¡¡the¡¡contraband¡¡camps¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡North¡£¡¡In¡¡such¡¡work¡¡the¡¡League¡¡cooperated¡¡with¡¡the¡¡various¡¡Freedmen's¡¡Aid¡¡Societies£»¡¡the¡¡Department¡¡of¡¡Negro¡¡Affairs£»¡¡and¡¡later¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Freedmen's¡¡Bureau¡£¡¡Part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡League¡¡was¡¡to¡¡distribute¡¡campaign¡¡literature£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡radical¡¡pamphlets¡¡on¡¡reconstruction¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Negro¡¡problem¡¡bore¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡imprint¡£¡¡The¡¡New¡¡York¡¡League¡¡sent¡¡out¡¡about¡¡seventy¡¡thousand¡¡copies¡¡of¡¡various¡¡publications£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡Philadelphia¡¡League¡¡far¡¡surpassed¡¡this¡¡record£»¡¡circulating¡¡within¡¡eight¡¡years¡¡four¡¡million¡¡five¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡copies¡¡of¡¡144¡¡different¡¡pamphlets¡£¡¡The¡¡literature¡¡consisted¡¡largely¡¡of¡¡accounts¡¡of¡¡¡¨Southern¡¡outrages¡¨¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡the¡¡reports¡¡of¡¡Bureau¡¡agents¡¡and¡¡similar¡¡sources¡£

With¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Civil¡¡War¡¡the¡¡League¡¡did¡¡not¡¡cease¡¡its¡¡active¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡things¡¡political¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡organizations¡¡to¡¡declare¡¡for¡¡Negro¡¡suffrage¡¡and¡¡the¡¡disfranchisement¡¡of¡¡Confederates£»¡¡it¡¡held¡¡steadily¡¡to¡¡this¡¡declaration¡¡during¡¡the¡¡four¡¡years¡¡following¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡continued¡¡as¡¡a¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡bureau¡¡in¡¡the¡¡radical¡¡Republican¡¡party¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of¡¡controlling¡¡the¡¡Negro¡¡vote¡¡in¡¡the¡¡South¡£¡¡Its¡¡representatives¡¡were¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡lobbies¡¡of¡¡Congress¡¡demanding¡¡extreme¡¡measures£»¡¡endorsing¡¡the¡¡reconstruction¡¡policies¡¡of¡¡Congress£»¡¡and¡¡condemning¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡President¡£¡¡After¡¡the¡¡first¡¡year¡¡or¡¡two¡¡of¡¡reconstruction£»¡¡the¡¡Leagues¡¡in¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡Northern¡¡cities¡¡began¡¡to¡¡grow¡¡away¡¡from¡¡the¡¡strictly¡¡political¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡of¡¡America¡¡and¡¡tended¡¡to¡¡become¡¡mere¡¡social¡¡clubs¡¡for¡¡members¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡political¡¡belief¡£¡¡The¡¡eminently¡¡respectable¡¡Philadelphia¡¡and¡¡New¡¡York¡¡clubs¡¡had¡¡little¡¡in¡¡common¡¡with¡¡the¡¡leagues¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Southern¡¡and¡¡Border¡¡States¡¡except¡¡a¡¡general¡¡adherence¡¡to¡¡the¡¡radical¡¡program¡£

Even¡¡before¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡the¡¡League¡¡was¡¡extending¡¡its¡¡organization¡¡into¡¡the¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Confederacy¡¡held¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡forces£»¡¡admitting¡¡to¡¡membership¡¡the¡¡army¡¡officers¡¡and¡¡the¡¡leading¡¡Unionists£»¡¡though¡¡maintaining¡¡for¡¡the¡¡sake¡¡of¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡¡¨a¡¡discreet¡¡secrecy¡£¡¨¡¡With¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡and¡¡the¡¡establishment¡¡of¡¡army¡¡posts¡¡over¡¡the¡¡South£»¡¡the¡¡League¡¡grew¡¡rapidly¡£¡¡The¡¡civilians¡¡who¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡army£»¡¡the¡¡Bureau¡¡agents£»¡¡the¡¡missionaries£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡teachers¡¡formed¡¡one¡¡class¡¡of¡¡membership£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡loyalists¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hill¡¡and¡¡mountain¡¡country£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡become¡¡disaffected¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡Confederate¡¡administration¡¡and¡¡had¡¡formed¡¡such¡¡orders¡¡as¡¡the¡¡Heroes¡¡of¡¡America£»¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡String¡¡Band£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Peace¡¡Society£»¡¡formed¡¡another¡¡class¡£¡¡Soon¡¡there¡¡were¡¡added¡¡to¡¡these¡¡the¡¡deserters£»¡¡a¡¡few¡¡old¡¡line¡¡Whigs¡¡who¡¡intensely¡¡disliked¡¡the¡¡Democrats£»¡¡and¡¡others¡¡who¡¡decided¡¡to¡¡cast¡¡their¡¡lot¡¡with¡¡the¡¡victors¡£¡¡The¡¡disaffected¡¡politicians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡up¡­country£»¡¡who¡¡wanted¡¡to¡¡be¡¡cared¡¡for¡¡in¡¡the¡¡reconstruction£»¡¡saw¡¡in¡¡the¡¡organization¡¡a¡¡means¡¡of¡¡dislodging¡¡from¡¡power¡¡the¡¡political¡¡leaders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡low¡¡country¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡estimated¡¡that¡¡thirty¡¡percent¡¡of¡¡the¡¡white¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hill¡¡and¡¡mountain¡¡counties¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡joined¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡in¡¡1865¡­66¡£¡¡They¡¡cared¡¡little¡¡about¡¡the¡¡original¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡order¡¡but¡¡hoped¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡the¡¡nucleus¡¡of¡¡an¡¡anti¡­Democratic¡¡political¡¡organization¡£

But¡¡on¡¡the¡¡admission¡¡of¡¡Negroes¡¡into¡¡the¡¡lodges¡¡or¡¡councils¡¡controlled¡¡by¡¡Northern¡¡men¡¡the¡¡native¡¡white¡¡members¡¡began¡¡to¡¡withdraw¡£¡¡From¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡the¡¡Bureau¡¡agents£»¡¡the¡¡teachers£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡preachers¡¡had¡¡been¡¡holding¡¡meetings¡¡of¡¡Negroes£»¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡they¡¡gave¡¡advice¡¡about¡¡the¡¡problems¡¡of¡¡freedom¡£¡¡Very¡¡early¡¡these¡¡advisers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blacks¡¡grasped¡¡the¡¡possibilities¡¡inherent¡¡in¡¡their¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the¡¡schools£»¡¡the¡¡rationing¡¡system£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡churches¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡1866£»¡¡the¡¡Negroes¡¡were¡¡widely¡¡organized¡¡under¡¡this¡¡leadership£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡needed¡¡but¡¡slight¡¡change¡¡to¡¡convert¡¡the¡¡Negro¡¡meetings¡¡into¡¡local¡¡councils¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡League¡£*¡¡As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡it¡¡seemed¡¡likely¡¡that¡¡Congress¡¡would¡¡win¡¡in¡¡its¡¡struggle¡¡with¡¡the¡¡President¡¡the¡¡guardians¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Negro¡¡planned¡¡their¡¡campaign¡¡for¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the¡¡race¡£¡¡Negro¡¡leaders¡¡were¡¡organized¡¡into¡¡councils¡¡of¡¡the¡¡League¡¡or¡¡into¡¡Union¡¡Republican¡¡Clubs¡£¡¡Over¡¡the¡¡South¡¡went¡¡the¡¡organizers£»¡¡until¡¡by¡¡1868¡¡the¡¡last¡¡Negroes¡¡were¡¡gathered¡¡into¡¡the¡¡fold¡£

*¡¡Of¡¡these¡¡teachers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡local¡¡blacks£»¡¡E¡£¡¡L¡£¡¡Godkin£»¡¡editor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡New¡¡York¡¡Nation£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡supported¡¡the¡¡reconstruction¡¡acts£»¡¡said£º¡¡¡¨Worse¡¡instructors¡¡for¡¡men¡¡emerging¡¡from¡¡slavery¡¡and¡¡coming¡¡for¡¡the¡¡first¡¡time¡¡face¡¡to¡¡face¡¡with¡¡the¡¡problems¡¡of¡¡free¡¡life¡¡than¡¡the¡¡radical¡¡agitators¡¡who¡¡have¡¡undertaken¡¡the¡¡political¡¡guidance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡blacks¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡hard¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡with¡£¡¨


The¡¡native¡¡whites¡¡did¡¡not¡¡all¡¡desert¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡League¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Negroes¡¡were¡¡brought¡¡in¡£¡¡Where¡¡the¡¡blacks¡¡were¡¡most¡¡numerous¡¡the¡¡desertion¡¡of¡¡whites¡¡was¡¡general£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡the¡¡regions¡¡where¡¡they¡¡were¡¡few¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡whites¡¡remained¡¡for¡¡several¡¡years¡£¡¡The¡¡elections¡¡of¡¡1868¡¡showed¡¡a¡¡falling¡¡off¡¡of¡¡the¡¡white¡¡radical¡¡vote¡¡from¡¡that¡¡of¡¡1867£»¡¡one¡¡measure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡extent¡¡of¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡whites¡£¡¡From¡¡this¡¡time¡¡forward¡¡the¡¡order¡¡consisted¡¡mainly¡¡of¡¡blacks¡¡with¡¡enough¡¡whites¡¡for¡¡leaders¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡Black¡¡Belt¡¡the¡¡membership¡¡of¡¡native¡¡whites¡¡was¡¡discouraged¡¡by¡¡requiring¡¡an¡¡oath¡¡to¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡that¡¡secession¡¡was¡¡treason¡£¡¡The¡¡carpetbagger¡¡had¡¡found¡¡that¡¡he¡¡could¡¡control¡¡the¡¡Negro¡¡without¡¡the¡¡help¡¡of¡¡the¡¡scalawag¡£¡¡The¡¡League¡¡organization¡¡was¡¡soon¡¡extended¡¡and¡¡centralized£»¡¡in¡¡every¡¡black¡¡district¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Council£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡state¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Grand¡¡Council£»¡¡and¡¡for¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡National¡¡Grand¡¡Council¡¡with¡¡headquarters¡¡in¡¡New¡¡York¡¡City¡£

The¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡League¡¡over¡¡the¡¡Negro¡¡was¡¡due¡¡in¡¡large¡¡degree¡¡to¡¡the¡¡mysterious¡¡secrecy¡¡of¡¡the¡¡meetings£»¡¡the¡¡weird¡¡initiation¡¡ceremony¡¡that¡¡made¡¡him¡¡feel¡¡fearfully¡¡good¡¡from¡¡his¡¡head¡¡to¡¡his¡¡heels£»¡¡the¡¡imposing¡¡ritual£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡songs¡£¡¡The¡¡ritual£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡said£»¡¡was¡¡not¡¡used¡¡in¡¡the¡¡North£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡probably¡¡adopted¡¡for¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡African¡£¡¡The¡¡would¡­be¡¡Leaguer¡¡was¡¡informed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡emblems¡¡of¡¡the¡¡order¡¡were¡¡the¡¡altar£»¡¡the¡¡Bible£»¡¡the¡¡Declaration¡¡of¡¡Independence£»¡¡the¡¡Constitution¡¡of¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States£»¡¡the¡¡flag¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡censer£»¡¡sword£»¡¡gavel£»¡¡ballot¡¡box£»¡¡sickle£»¡¡shuttle£»¡¡anvil£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡emblems¡¡of¡¡industry¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡told¡¡to¡¡the¡¡accompaniment¡¡of¡¡clanking¡¡chains¡¡and¡¡groans¡¡that¡¡the¡¡objects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡order¡¡were¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡liberty£»¡¡to¡¡perpetuate¡¡the¡¡Union£»¡¡to¡¡maintain¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Constitution£»¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡the¡¡ascendancy¡¡of¡¡American¡¡institutions£»¡¡to¡¡protect£»¡¡defend£»¡¡and¡¡strengthen¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ