the sequel of appomattox-第20节

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enters　of　wirepulling　and　agencies　for　the　distribution　of　spoils。　At　the　outset　civil　officers　were　ordered　to　retain　their　offices　during　good　behavior；　subject　to　military　control。　But　no　local　official　was　permitted　to　use　his　influence　ever　so　slightly　against　reconstruction。　Since　most　of　them　did　not　favor　the　policy　of　Congress；　thousands　were　removed　as　〃obstacles　to　reconstruction。〃　The　Governors　of　Georgia；　Louisiana；　Virginia；　Mississippi；　and　Texas　were　displaced　and　others　appointed　in　their　stead。　All　kinds　of　subordinate　offices　rapidly　became　vacant。　New　appointments　were　nearly　always　carpetbaggers　and　native　radicals　who　could　take　the　〃ironclad〃　oath。　The　generals　complained　that　there　were　not　enough　competent　native　〃loyalists〃　to　fill　the　offices；　and　frequently　an　army　officer　was　installed　as　governor；　treasurer；　secretary　of　state；　auditor；　or　mayor。　In　nearly　all　towns；　the　police　force　was　reorganized；　and　former　Federal　soldiers　were　added　to　the　force；　while　the　regular　troops　were　used　for　general　police　purposes　and　for　rural　constabulary。

Over　the　administration　of　justice　the　military　authorities　exercised　a　close　supervision。　Instructions　were　sent　out　to　court　officers　covering　the　selection　of　juries；　the　suspension　of　certain　laws；　and　the　rules　of　evidence　and　procedure。　Courts　were　often　closed；　court　decrees　set　aside　or　modified；　prisoners　released；　and　many　cases　reserved　for　trial　by　military　commission。　Some　commanders　required　juries　to　admit　Negro　members　and　insisted　that　all　jurors　take　the　〃ironclad〃　test　oath。　There　was　some　attempt　at　regulating　the　Federal　courts　but　without　much　success。

Since　the　state　legislatures　were　forbidden　to　meet；　much　legislation　was　enacted　through　military　orders。　Stay　laws　were　enacted；　the　color　line　was　abolished；　new　criminal　regulations　were　promulgated；　and　the　police　power　was　invoked　in　some　instances　to　justify　sweeping　measures；　such　as　the　prohibition　of　whisky　manufacture　in　North　Carolina　and　South　Carolina。　The　military　governors　levied；　increased；　or　decreased　taxes　and　made　appropriations　which　the　state　treasurers　were　forced　to　pay；　but　they　restrained　the　radical　conventions；　all　of　which　wished　to　spend　much　money。　According　to　the　Act　of　March　23；　1867；　the　generals　and　their　appointees　were　to　be　paid　by　the　United　States；　but　in　practice　the　running　expenses　of　reconstruction　were　paid　by　the　state　treasurers。

Any　attempt　to　favor　the　Confederate　soldiers　was　frowned　upon。　Laws　providing　wooden　legs　and　free　education　for　crippled　Confederates　were　suspended。　Militia　organizations　and　military　schools　were　forbidden。　No　uniform　might　be　worn；　no　parades　were　permitted；　no　memorial　and　historical　societies　were　to　be　organized；　and　no　meeting　of　any　kind　could　be　held　without　a　permit。　The　attempt　to　control　the　press　resulted　in　what　one　general　called　〃a　horrible　uproar。〃　Editors　were　forbidden　to　express　themselves　too　strongly　against　reconstruction；　public　advertising　and　printing　were　awarded　only　to　those　papers　actively　supporting　reconstruction。　Several　newspapers　were　suppressed；　a　notable　example　being　the　〃Tuscaloosa　Independent　Monitor〃；　whose　editor；　Ryland　Randolph；　was　a　picturesque　figure　in　Alabama　journalism　and　a　leader　in　the　Ku　Klux　Klan。

The　military　administration　was　thorough　and；　as　a　whole；　honest　and　efficient。　With　fewer　than　ten　thousand　soldiers；　the　generals　maintained　order　and　carried　on　the　reconstruction　of　the　South。　The　whites　made　no　attempt　at　resistance；　though　they　were　irritated　by　military　rule　and　resented　the　loss　of　self…government。　But　most　Southerners　preferred　the　rule　of　the　army　to　the　alternative　reign　of　the　carpetbagger；　scalawag；　and　Negro。　The　extreme　radicals　at　the　North；　on　the　other　hand；　were　disgusted　at　the　conservative　policy　of　the　generals。　The　apathy　of　the　whites　at　the　beginning　of　the　military　reconstruction　excited　surprise　on　all　sides。　Not　only　was　there　no　violent　opposition；　but　for　a　few　weeks　there　was　no　opposition　at　all。　The　civil　officials　were　openly　unsympathetic；　and　the　newspapers　voiced　dissent　not　untouched　with　disgust；　others　simply　could　not　take　the　situation　seriously　because　it　seemed　so　absurd；　many　leaders　were　indifferent；　while　others　among　them；　Generals　Lee；　Beauregard；　and　Longstreet；　and　Governor　Pattonwithout　approving　the　policy；　advised　the　whites　to　cooperate　with　the　military　authorities　and　save　all　they　could　out　of　the　situation。　General　Beauregard；　for　instance；　wrote　in　1867：　〃If　the　suffrage　of　the　Negro　is　properly　handled　and　directed；　we　shall　defeat　our　adversaries　with　their　own　weapons。　The　Negro　is　Southern　born。　With　education　and　property　qualifications　he　can　be　made　to　take　an　interest　in　the　affairs　of　the　South　and　in　its　prosperity。　He　will　side　with　the　whites。〃

Northern　observers　who　were　friendly　to　the　South　or　who　disapproved　of　this　radical　reconstruction　saw　the　danger　more　clearly　than　the　Southerners　themselves；　who　seemed　not　to　appreciate　the　full　implication　of　the　situation。　In　this　connection　the　New　York　〃Herald〃　remarked：

〃We　may　regard　the　entire　ten　unreconstructed　Southern　States；　with　possibly　one　or　two　exceptions；　as　forced　by　a　secret　and　overwhelming　revolutionary　influence　to　a　common　and　inevitable　fate。　They　are　all　bound　to　be　governed　by　blacks　spurred　on　by　worse　than　blacks　…　white　wretches　who　dare　not　show　their　faces　in　respectable　society　anywhere。　This　is　the　most　abominable　phase　barbarism　has　assumed　since　the　dawn　of　civilization。　It　was　all　right　and　proper　to　put　down　the　rebellion。　It　was　all　right　perhaps　to　emancipate　the　slaves　。　。　。　。　But　it　is　not　right　to　make　slaves　of　white　men　even　though　they　may　have　been　former　masters　of　blacks。　This　is　but　a　change　in　a　system　of　bondage　that　is　rendered　the　more　odious　and　intolerable　because　it　has　been　inaugurated　in　an　enlightened　instead　of　a　dark　and　uncivilized　age。〃

The　political　parties　rapidly　grouped　themselves　for　the　coming　struggle。　The　radical　Republican　party　indeed　was　in　process　of　organization　in　the　South　even　before　the　passage　of　the　reconstruction　acts。　Its　membership　was　made　up　of　Negroes；　carpetbaggers；　or　Northern　men　who　had　come　in　as　speculators；　officers　of　the　Freedmen's　Bureau　and　of　the　army；　scalawags　or　Confederate　renegades；　〃Peace　Society〃　men；*　and　Unionists　of　Civil　War　times；　with　a　few　old　Whigs　who　could　not　yet　bring　themselves　to　affiliate　with　the　Democrats。　At　first　it　seemed　that　a　respectable　number　of　whites　might　be　secured　for　the　radical　party；　but　the　rapid　organization　of　the　Negroes　checked　the　accession　of　whites。　In　the　winter　and　spring　of　1866…67；　the　Negroes　near　the　towns　were　well　organized　by　the　Union　League　and　the　Freedmen's　Bureau　and　then；　after　the　passage　of　the　reconstruction　acts；　the　organizing　activities　of　the　radical　chieftains　shifted　to　the　rural　districts。　The　Union　League　was　greatly　extended；　Union　League　conventions　were　held　to　which　local　whites　were　not　admitted；　and　the　formation　of　a　black　man's　party　was　well　on　the　way　before　the　registration　of　the　voters　was　completed。　Visiting　statesmen　from　the　North；　among　them　Henry　Wilson　of　Massachusetts　and　〃Pig　Iron〃　Kelley　of　Pennsylvania；　toured　the　South　in　support　of　the　radical　program；　and　the　registrars　and　all　Federal　officials　aided　in　the　work。

*　See　〃The　Day　of　the　Confederacy〃；　by　Nathaniel　W。　Stephenson　（in　〃The　Chronicles　of　America〃）；　p。　121；　footnote。


The　whites；　slow　to　comprehend　the　real　extent　of　radicalism；　were　finally　aroused　to　the　necessity　of　organizing；　if　they　were　to　influence　the　Negro　and　have　a　voice　in　the　conventions。　The　old　party　divisions　were　still　evident。　With　difficulty　a　portion　of　the　Whigs　was　brought　with　the　Democrats　into　one　conservative　party　during　the　summer　and　fall　of　1867；　though　many　still　held　aloof。　The　lack　of　the　old　skilled　leadership　was　severely　felt。　In　places　where　the　white　man's　party　was　given　a　name；　it　was　called　〃Democratic　and　Conservative；〃　to　spare　the　feelings　of　former　Whigs　who　were　loath　to　bear　the　party　name　of　their　quondam　opponents。

The　first　step　in　the　military　reconstruction　was　the　registration　of　voters。　In　each　State　a　central　board　of　registrars　was　appointed　by　the　district　commander　and　a　local　board　for　every　county　and　large　town。　Each　board　consisted　of　three　membersall　radicalswho　were　required　to　subscribe　to　the　〃ironclad〃　oath。　In　several　states　one　Negro　was　appointed　to　each　local　board。　The　registrars　listed　Negro　voters　during　the　day；　and　at　night　worked　at　the　organization　of　a　radical　Republican　party。　The　prospective　voters　were　required　to　take　the　oath　prescribed　in　the　Reconstruction　Act；　but　the　registrars　were　empowered　to　go　behind　the　oath　and　investigate　the　Confederate　record　of　each　applicant。　This　authority　was　invoked　to　carry　the　disfranchisement　of　the　whites　far　beyond　the　intention　of　the　law　in　an　attempt　to　destroy　the　leadership　of　the　whites　and　to　register　enough　Negroes　to　outvote　them　at　the　polls。　For　this　purpose　the　registration　was　continued　until　October　1；　1867；　and　an　active　campaign　of　education　and　organization　carried　on。