the sequel of appomattox-第11节

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　directed　the　various　cabinet　officers　to　extend　the　work　of　their　departments　over　the　Confederate　States　and　ordered　the　army　officers　to　assist　the　civil　authorities。　During　the　next　six　weeks；　similar　measures　were　undertaken　for　the　remaining　six　states　of　the　Confederacy。

To　set　up　the　new　order；　army　officers　were　first　sent　into　every　county　to　administer　the　amnesty　oath　and　thus　to　secure　a　〃loyal〃　electorate。　In　each　state　the　provisional　governor　organized　out　of　the　remains　of　the　Confederate　local　regime　a　new　civil　government。　Confederate　local　officials　who　could　and　would　take　the　amnesty　oath　were　directed　to　resume　office　until　relieved；　the　laws　of　1861；　except　those　relating　to　slavery；　were　declared　to　be　in　force；　the　courts　were　directed　to　use　special　efforts　to　crush　lawlessness；　and　the　old　jury　lists　were　destroyed　and　new　ones　were　drawn　up　containing　only　the　names　of　those　who　had　taken　the　amnesty　oath。　Since　there　was　no　money　in　any　state　treasury；　small　sums　were　now　raised　by　license　taxes。　A　full　staff　of　department　heads　was　appointed；　and　by　July　1865；　the　provisional　governments　were　in　fair　working　order。

To　the　constitutional　conventions；　which　met　in　the　fall；　it　was　made　clear；　through　the　governors；　that　the　President　would　insist　upon　three　conditions：　the　formal　abolition　of　slavery；　the　repudiation　of　the　ordinance　of　secession；　and　the　repudiation　of　the　Confederate　war　debt。　To　Governor　Holden　he　telegraphed：　〃Every　dollar　of　the　debt　created　to　aid　the　rebellion　against　the　United　States　should　be　repudiated　finally　and　forever。　The　great　mass　of　the　people　should　not　be　taxed　to　pay　a　debt　to　aid　in　carrying　on　a　rebellion　which　they　in　fact；　if　left　to　themselves；　were　opposed　to。　Let　those　who　had　given　their　means　for　the　obligations　of　the　state　look　to　that　power　they　tried　to　establish　in　violation　of　law；　constitution；　and　will　of　the　people。　They　must　meet　their　fate。〃　With　little　opposition　these　conditions　were　fulfilled；　though　there　was　a　strong　feeling　against　the　repudiation　of　the　debt；　much　discussion　as　to　whether　the　ordinance　of　secession　should　be　〃repealed〃　or　declared　〃now　and　always　null　and　void；〃　and　some　quibbling　as　to　whether　slavery　was　being　destroyed　by　state　action　or　had　already　been　destroyed　by　war。

In　the　old　state　constitutions；　very　slight　changes　were　made。　Of　these　the　chief　were　concerned　with　the　abolition　of　slavery　and　the　arrangement　of　representation　and　direct　taxation　on　the　basis　of　white　population。　Little　effort　was　made　to　settle　any　of　the　Negro　problems；　and　in　all　states　the　conventions　left　it　to　the　legislatures　to　make　laws　for　the　freedmen。　There　was　no　discussion　of　Negro；　suffrage　in　the　conventions；　but　President　Johnson　sent　what　was　for　him　a　remarkable　communication　to　Governor　Sharkey　of　Mississippi：

〃If　you　could　extend　the　elective　franchise　to　all　persons　of　color　who　can　read　the　Constitution　of　the　United　States　in　English　and　write　their　names；　and　to　all　persons　of　color　who　own　real　estate　valued　at　not　less　than　two　hundred　and　fifty　dollars　and　pay　taxes　thereon；　you　would　completely　disarm　the　adversary　and　set　an　example　the　other　states　will　follow。　This　you　can　do　with　perfect　safety；　and　you　would　thus　place　Southern　States　in　reference　to　free　persons　of　color　upon　the　same　basis　with　the　free　states　。　。　。　。　And　as　a　consequence　the　radicals；　who　are　wild　upon　Negro　franchise；　will　be　completely　foiled　in　their　attempts　to　keep　the　Southern　states　from　renewing　their　relations　to　the　Union　by　not　accepting　their　senators　and　representatives。〃

In　deciding　upon　a　basis　of　representation；　it　was　clear　that　the　majority　of　delegates　desired　to　lessen　the　influence　of　the　Black　Belt　and　place　the　control　of　the　government　with　the　〃up　country。〃　In　the　Alabama　convention　Robert　M。　Patton；　then　a　delegate　and　later　governor；　frankly　avowed　this　object；　and　in　South　Carolina；　Governor　Perry　urged　the　convention　to　give　no　consideration　to　Negro　suffrage；　〃because　this　is　a　white　man's　government；〃　and　if　the　Negroes　should　vote　they　would　be　controlled　by　a　few　whites。　A　kindly　disposition　toward　the　Negroes　was　general　except　on　the　part　of　extreme　Unionists；　who　opposed　any　favors　to　the　race。　〃This　is　a　white　man's　country〃　was　a　doctrine　to　which　all　the　conventions　subscribed。

The　conventions　held　brief　sessions；　completed　their　work；　and　adjourned；　after　directing　that　elections　be　held　for　state　and　local　officers　and　for　members　of　Congress。　Before　December　the　appointed　local　officials　had　been　succeeded　by　elected　officers；　members　of　Congress　were　on　their　way　to　Washington；　the　state　legislatures　were　assembling　or　already　in　session；　and　the　elected　governors　were　ready　to　take　office。　It　was　understood　that　as　soon　as　enough　state　legislatures　ratified　the　Thirteenth　Amendment　to　make　it　a　part　of　the　Constitution；　the　President　would　permit　the　transfer　of　authority　to　the　new　governors。　The　legislature　of　Mississippi　alone　was　recalcitrant　about　the　amendment；　and　before　January　1866；　the　elected　officials　were　everywhere　installed　except　in　Texas；　where　the　work　was　not　completed　until　March。　When　Congress　met　in　December　1865；　the　President　reported　that　all　former　Confederate　States　except　Texas　were　ready　to　be　readmitted。　Congress；　however；　refused　to　admit　their　senators　and　representatives；　and　thus　began　the　struggle　which　ended　over　a　year　later　with　the　victory　of　the　radicals　and　the　undoing　of　the　work　of　the　two　Presidents。

The　plan　of　the　Presidents　was　at　best　only　imperfectly　realized。　It　was　found　impossible　to　reorganize　the　Federal　Administration　in　the　South　with　men　who　could　subscribe　to　the　〃ironclad　oath；〃　for　nearly　all　who　were　competent　to　hold　office　had　favored　or　aided　the　Confederacy。　It　was　two　years　before　more　than　a　third　of　the　post　offices　could　be　opened。　The　other　Federal　departments　were　in　similar　difficulties；　and　at　last　women　and　〃carpetbaggers〃　were　appointed。　The　Freedmen's　Bureau；　which　had　been　established　coincidently　with　the　provisional　governments；　assumed　jurisdiction　over　the　Negroes；　while　the　army　authorities　very　early　took　the　position　that　any　man　who　claimed　to　be　a　Unionist　should　not　be　tried　in　the　local　courts　but　must　be　given　a　better　chance　in　a　provost　court。　Thus　a　third　or　more　of　the　population　was　withdrawn　from　the　control　of　the　state　government。　In　several　states　the　head　of　the　Bureau　made　arrangements　for　local　magistrates　and　officials　to　act　as　Bureau　officials；　and　in　such　cases　the　two　authorities　acted　in　cooperation。　The　army　of　occupation；　too；　exerted　an　authority　which　not　infrequently　interfered　with　the　workings　of　the　new　state　government。　Nearly　everywhere　there　was　a　lack　of　certainty　and　efficiency　due　to　the　concurrent　and　sometimes　conflicting　jurisdictions　of　state　government；　army　commanders；　Bureau　authorities；　and　even　the　President　acting　upon　or　through　any　of　the　others。

The　standing　of　the　Southern　state　organizations　was　in　doubt　after　the　refusal　of　Congress　to　recognize　them。　Nevertheless；　in　spite　of　this　uncertainty　they　continued　to　function　as　states　during　the　year　of　controversy　which　followed；　the　courts　were　opened　and　steadily　grew　in　influence；　here　and　there　militia　and　patrols　were　reorganized；　officials　who　refused　to　〃accept　the　situation〃　were　dismissed；　elections　were　held；　the　legislatures　revised　the　laws　to　fit　new　conditions　and　enacted　new　laws　for　the　emancipated　blacks。　To　all　this　progress　in　reorganization；　the　action　of　Congress　was　a　severe　blow；　since　it　gave　notice　that　none　of　the　problems　of　reconstruction　were　yet　solved。　An　increasing　spirit　of　irritation　and　independence　was　observed　throughout　the　states　in　question；　and　at　the　elections　the　former　Confederates　gained　more　and　more　offices。　The　year　was　marked　in　the　South　by　the　tendency　toward　the　formation　of　parties；　by　the　development　of　the　〃Southern　outrages〃　issue；　by　an　attempt　to　frustrate　radical　action；　and　finally　by　a　lineup　of　the　great　mass　of　the　whites　in　opposition　to　the　Fourteenth　Amendment　and　other　radical　plans　of　Congress。

The　Joint　Committee　on　Reconstruction；　appointed　when　Congress　refused　to　accept　the　work　of　President　Johnson；　proceeded　during　several　months　to　take　testimony　and　to　consider　measures。　The　testimony；　which　was　taken　chiefly　to　support　opinions　already　formed；　appeared　to　prove　that　the　Negroes　and　the　Unionists　were　so　badly　treated　that　the　Freedmen's　Bureau　and　the　army　must　be　kept　in　the　South　to　protect　them；　that　free　Negro　labor　was　a　success　but　that　the　whites　were　hostile　to　it；　that　the　whites　were　disloyal　and　would；　if　given　control　of　the　Southern　governments　and　admitted　to　Congress；　constitute　a　danger　to　the　nation　and　especially　to　the　party　in　power。

To　convince　the　voters　of　the　North　of　the　necessity　of　dealing　drastically　with　the　South　a　campaign　of　misrepresentation　was　begun　in　the　summer　of　1865；　which　became　more　and　more　systematic　and　unscrupulous　as　the　political　struggle　at　Washington　grew　fiercer。　Newspapers　regularly　ran　columns　headed　〃Southern　Outrages；〃　and　every　conceivable　mistreatment　of　blacks　by