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by¡¡Walter¡¡Lynwood¡¡Fleming








CHAPTER¡¡I¡£¡¡THE¡¡AFTERMATH¡¡OF¡¡WAR


When¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡and¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Confederacy¡¡were¡¡disbanded¡¡in¡¡1865£»¡¡two¡¡matters¡¡had¡¡been¡¡settled¡¡beyond¡¡further¡¡dispute£º¡¡the¡¡Negro¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡free£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Union¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡perpetuated¡£¡¡But£»¡¡though¡¡slavery¡¡and¡¡state¡¡sovereignty¡¡were¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡at¡¡issue£»¡¡there¡¡were¡¡still¡¡many¡¡problems¡¡which¡¡pressed¡¡for¡¡solution¡£¡¡The¡¡huge¡¡task¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡must¡¡be¡¡faced¡£¡¡The¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡the¡¡situation¡¡required¡¡that¡¡the¡¡measures¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡be¡¡first¡¡formulated¡¡in¡¡Washington¡¡by¡¡the¡¡victors¡¡and¡¡then¡¡worked¡¡out¡¡in¡¡the¡¡conquered¡¡South¡£¡¡Since¡¡the¡¡success¡¡of¡¡these¡¡policies¡¡would¡¡depend¡¡in¡¡a¡¡large¡¡measure¡¡upon¡¡their¡¡acceptability¡¡to¡¡both¡¡sections¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡expected¡¡that¡¡the¡¡North¡¡would¡¡be¡¡influenced¡¡to¡¡some¡¡extent¡¡by¡¡the¡¡attitude¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Southern¡¡people£»¡¡which¡¡in¡¡turn¡¡would¡¡be¡¡determined¡¡largely¡¡by¡¡local¡¡conditions¡¡in¡¡the¡¡South¡£¡¡The¡¡situation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡South¡¡at¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Civil¡¡War¡¡is£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡the¡¡point¡¡at¡¡which¡¡this¡¡narrative¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reconstruction¡¡naturally¡¡takes¡¡its¡¡beginning¡£

The¡¡surviving¡¡Confederate¡¡soldiers¡¡came¡¡straggling¡¡back¡¡to¡¡communities£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡now¡¡far¡¡from¡¡being¡¡satisfactory¡¡dwelling¡¡places¡¡for¡¡civilized¡¡people¡£¡¡Everywhere¡¡they¡¡found¡¡missing¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best¡¡of¡¡their¡¡former¡¡neighbors¡£¡¡They¡¡found¡¡property¡¡destroyed£»¡¡the¡¡labor¡¡system¡¡disorganized£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡inhabitants¡¡in¡¡many¡¡places¡¡suffering¡¡from¡¡want¡£¡¡They¡¡found¡¡the¡¡white¡¡people¡¡demoralized¡¡and¡¡sometimes¡¡divided¡¡among¡¡themselves¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Negroes¡¡free£»¡¡bewildered£»¡¡and¡¡disorderly£»¡¡for¡¡organized¡¡government¡¡had¡¡lapsed¡¡with¡¡the¡¡surrender¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Confederate¡¡armies¡£

Beneath¡¡a¡¡disorganized¡¡society¡¡lay¡¡a¡¡devastated¡¡land¡£¡¡The¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡property¡¡affected¡¡all¡¡classes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡population¡£¡¡The¡¡accumulated¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡the¡¡South¡¡had¡¡disappeared¡¡in¡¡worthless¡¡Confederate¡¡stocks£»¡¡bonds£»¡¡and¡¡currency¡£¡¡The¡¡banks¡¡had¡¡failed¡¡early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡war¡£¡¡Two¡¡billion¡¡dollars¡¡invested¡¡in¡¡slaves¡¡had¡¡been¡¡wiped¡¡out¡£¡¡Factories£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡running¡¡before¡¡the¡¡war¡¡or¡¡were¡¡developed¡¡after¡¡1861¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡the¡¡blockaded¡¡country£»¡¡had¡¡been¡¡destroyed¡¡by¡¡Federal¡¡raiders¡¡or¡¡seized¡¡and¡¡sold¡¡or¡¡dismantled¡¡because¡¡they¡¡had¡¡furnished¡¡supplies¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Confederacy¡£¡¡Mining¡¡industries¡¡were¡¡paralyzed¡£¡¡Public¡¡buildings¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡used¡¡for¡¡war¡¡purposes¡¡were¡¡destroyed¡¡or¡¡confiscated¡¡for¡¡the¡¡uses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡army¡¡or¡¡for¡¡the¡¡new¡¡freedmen's¡¡schools¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡months¡¡before¡¡courthouses£»¡¡state¡¡capitols£»¡¡school¡¡and¡¡college¡¡buildings¡¡were¡¡again¡¡made¡¡available¡¡for¡¡normal¡¡uses¡£¡¡The¡¡military¡¡school¡¡buildings¡¡had¡¡been¡¡destroyed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡forces¡£¡¡Among¡¡the¡¡schools¡¡which¡¡suffered¡¡were¡¡the¡¡Virginia¡¡Military¡¡Institute£»¡¡the¡¡University¡¡of¡¡Alabama£»¡¡the¡¡Louisiana¡¡State¡¡Seminary£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡smaller¡¡institutions¡£¡¡Nearly¡¡all¡¡these¡¡had¡¡been¡¡used¡¡in¡¡some¡¡way¡¡for¡¡war¡¡purposes¡¡and¡¡were¡¡therefore¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡destruction¡¡or¡¡confiscation¡£

The¡¡farmers¡¡and¡¡planters¡¡found¡¡themselves¡¡¡¨land¡¡poor¡£¡¨¡¡The¡¡soil¡¡remained£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡prevalent¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡labor£»¡¡of¡¡agricultural¡¡equipment£»¡¡of¡¡farm¡¡stock£»¡¡of¡¡seeds£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡money¡¡with¡¡which¡¡to¡¡make¡¡good¡¡the¡¡deficiency¡£¡¡As¡¡a¡¡result£»¡¡a¡¡man¡¡with¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡acres¡¡might¡¡be¡¡as¡¡poor¡¡as¡¡a¡¡Negro¡¡refugee¡£¡¡The¡¡desolation¡¡is¡¡thus¡¡described¡¡by¡¡a¡¡Virginia¡¡farmer£º

¡¨From¡¡Harper's¡¡Ferry¡¡to¡¡New¡¡Market£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡about¡¡eighty¡¡miles¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡the¡¡country¡¡was¡¡almost¡¡a¡¡desert¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡We¡¡had¡¡no¡¡cattle£»¡¡hogs£»¡¡sheep£»¡¡or¡¡horse¡¡or¡¡anything¡¡else¡£¡¡The¡¡fences¡¡were¡¡all¡¡gone¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡orchards¡¡were¡¡very¡¡much¡¡injured£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡fruit¡¡trees¡¡had¡¡not¡¡been¡¡destroyed¡£¡¡The¡¡barns¡¡were¡¡all¡¡burned£»¡¡chimneys¡¡standing¡¡without¡¡houses£»¡¡and¡¡houses¡¡standing¡¡without¡¡roof£»¡¡or¡¡door£»¡¡or¡¡window¡£¡¨

Much¡¡land¡¡was¡¡thrown¡¡on¡¡the¡¡market¡¡at¡¡low¡¡pricesthree¡¡to¡¡five¡¡dollars¡¡an¡¡acre¡¡for¡¡land¡¡worth¡¡fifty¡¡dollars¡£¡¡The¡¡poorer¡¡lands¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡sold¡¡at¡¡all£»¡¡and¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡farms¡¡were¡¡deserted¡¡by¡¡their¡¡owners¡£¡¡Everywhere¡¡recovery¡¡from¡¡this¡¡agricultural¡¡depression¡¡was¡¡slow¡£¡¡Five¡¡years¡¡after¡¡the¡¡war¡¡Robert¡¡Somers£»¡¡an¡¡English¡¡traveler£»¡¡said¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Tennessee¡¡Valley£º

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Similar¡¡conditions¡¡existed¡¡wherever¡¡the¡¡armies¡¡had¡¡passed£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡in¡¡the¡¡country¡¡districts¡¡alone¡£¡¡Many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cities£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡Richmond£»¡¡Charleston£»¡¡Columbia£»¡¡Jackson£»¡¡Atlanta£»¡¡and¡¡Mobile¡¡had¡¡suffered¡¡from¡¡fire¡¡or¡¡bombardment¡£

There¡¡were¡¡few¡¡stocks¡¡of¡¡merchandise¡¡in¡¡the¡¡South¡¡when¡¡the¡¡war¡¡ended£»¡¡and¡¡Northern¡¡creditors¡¡had¡¡lost¡¡so¡¡heavily¡¡through¡¡the¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡Southern¡¡merchants¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡cautious¡¡about¡¡extending¡¡credit¡¡again¡£¡¡Long¡¡before¡¡1865¡¡all¡¡coin¡¡had¡¡been¡¡sent¡¡out¡¡in¡¡contraband¡¡trade¡¡through¡¡the¡¡blockade¡£¡¡That¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡great¡¡need¡¡of¡¡supplies¡¡from¡¡the¡¡outside¡¡world¡¡is¡¡shown¡¡by¡¡the¡¡following¡¡statement¡¡of¡¡General¡¡Boynton£º

¡¨Window¡­glass¡¡has¡¡given¡¡way¡¡to¡¡thin¡¡boards£»¡¡in¡¡railway¡¡coaches¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cities¡£¡¡Furniture¡¡is¡¡marred¡¡and¡¡broken£»¡¡and¡¡none¡¡has¡¡been¡¡replaced¡¡for¡¡four¡¡years¡£¡¡Dishes¡¡are¡¡cemented¡¡in¡¡various¡¡styles£»¡¡and¡¡half¡¡the¡¡pitchers¡¡have¡¡tin¡¡handles¡£¡¡A¡¡complete¡¡set¡¡of¡¡crockery¡¡is¡¡never¡¡seen£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡very¡¡few¡¡families¡¡is¡¡there¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡set¡¡a¡¡table¡¡¡£¡£¡£¡£¡¡A¡¡set¡¡of¡¡forks¡¡with¡¡whole¡¡tines¡¡is¡¡a¡¡curiosity¡£¡¡Clocks¡¡and¡¡watches¡¡have¡¡nearly¡¡all¡¡stopped¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡Hairbrushes¡¡and¡¡toothbrushes¡¡have¡¡all¡¡worn¡¡out£»¡¡combs¡¡are¡¡broken¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡Pins£»¡¡needles£»¡¡and¡¡thread£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡such¡¡articles£»¡¡which¡¡seem¡¡indispensable¡¡to¡¡housekeeping£»¡¡are¡¡very¡¡scarce¡£¡¡Even¡¡in¡¡weaving¡¡on¡¡the¡¡looms£»¡¡corncobs¡¡have¡¡been¡¡substituted¡¡for¡¡spindles¡£¡¡Few¡¡have¡¡pocketknives¡£¡¡In¡¡fact£»¡¡everything¡¡that¡¡has¡¡heretofore¡¡been¡¡an¡¡article¡¡of¡¡sale¡¡in¡¡the¡¡South¡¡is¡¡wanting¡¡now¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡tables¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡were¡¡once¡¡esteemed¡¡luxurious¡¡providers¡¡you¡¡will¡¡find¡¡neither¡¡tea£»¡¡coffee£»¡¡sugar£»¡¡nor¡¡spices¡¡of¡¡any¡¡kind¡£¡¡Even¡¡candles£»¡¡in¡¡some¡¡cases£»¡¡have¡¡been¡¡replaced¡¡by¡¡a¡¡cup¡¡of¡¡grease¡¡in¡¡which¡¡a¡¡piece¡¡of¡¡cloth¡¡is¡¡plunged¡¡for¡¡a¡¡wick¡£¡¨

This¡¡poverty¡¡was¡¡prolonged¡¡and¡¡rendered¡¡more¡¡acute¡¡by¡¡the¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡transportation¡£¡¡Horses£»¡¡mules£»¡¡wagons£»¡¡and¡¡carriages¡¡were¡¡scarce£»¡¡the¡¡country¡¡roads¡¡were¡¡nearly¡¡impassable£»¡¡and¡¡bridges¡¡were¡¡in¡¡bad¡¡repair¡¡or¡¡had¡¡been¡¡burned¡¡or¡¡washed¡¡away¡£¡¡Steamboats¡¡had¡¡almost¡¡disappeared¡¡from¡¡the¡¡rivers¡£¡¡Those¡¡which¡¡had¡¡escaped¡¡capture¡¡as¡¡blockade¡¡runners¡¡had¡¡been¡¡subsequently¡¡destroyed¡¡or¡¡were¡¡worn¡¡out¡£¡£¡¡Postal¡¡facilities£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡poor¡¡enough¡¡during¡¡the¡¡last¡¡year¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Confederacy£»¡¡were¡¡entirely¡¡lacking¡¡for¡¡several¡¡months¡¡after¡¡the¡¡surrender¡£

The¡¡railways¡¡were¡¡in¡¡a¡¡state¡¡of¡¡physical¡¡dilapidation¡¡little¡¡removed¡¡from¡¡destruction£»¡¡save¡¡for¡¡those¡¡that¡¡had¡¡been¡¡captured¡¡and¡¡kept¡¡in¡¡partial¡¡repair¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Federal¡¡troops¡£¡¡The¡¡rolling¡¡stock¡¡had¡¡been¡¡lost¡¡by¡¡capture£»¡¡by¡¡destruction¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡capture£»¡¡in¡¡wrecks£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡frequent£»¡¡or¡¡had¡¡been¡¡worn¡¡out¡£¡¡The¡¡railroad¡¡companies¡¡possessed¡¡large¡¡sums¡¡in¡¡Confederate¡¡currency¡¡and¡¡in¡¡securities¡¡which¡¡were¡¡now¡¡valueless¡£¡¡About¡¡two¡­thirds¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡lines¡¡were¡¡hopelessly¡¡bankrupt¡£¡¡Fortunately£»¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡War¡¡Department¡¡took¡¡over¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡the¡¡railway¡¡lines¡¡and¡¡in¡¡some¡¡cases¡¡effected¡¡a¡¡temporary¡¡reorganization¡¡which¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been¡¡accomplished¡¡by¡¡the¡¡bankrupt¡¡companies¡£¡¡During¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡and¡¡fall¡¡of¡¡1865£»¡¡¡¨loyal¡¨¡¡boards¡¡of¡¡directors¡¡were¡¡appointed¡¡for¡¡most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡railroads£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡army¡¡withdrew¡¡its¡¡control¡£¡¡But¡¡repairs¡¡and¡¡reconstruction¡¡were¡¡accomplished¡¡with¡¡difficulty¡¡because¡¡of¡¡the¡¡demoralization¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡and¡¡the¡¡lack¡¡of¡¡funds¡¡or¡¡credit¡£¡¡Freight¡¡was¡¡scarce¡¡and£»¡¡had¡¡it¡¡not¡¡been¡¡for¡¡government¡¡shipments£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡railroads¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡abandoned¡£¡¡Not¡¡many¡¡people¡¡were¡¡able¡¡to¡¡travel¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡recorded¡¡that¡¡on¡¡one¡¡trip¡¡from¡¡Montgomery¡¡to¡¡Mobile¡¡and¡¡return£»¡¡a¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡360¡¡miles£»¡¡the¡¡railroad¡¡which¡¡is¡¡now¡¡the¡¡Louisville¡¡and¡¡Nashville¡¡collected¡¡only¡¡thirteen¡¡dollars¡¡in¡¡fares¡£

Had¡¡there¡¡been¡¡unrestricted¡¡commercial¡¡freedom¡¡in¡¡the¡¡South¡¡in¡¡1865¡­66£»¡¡the¡¡distress¡¡of¡¡the¡¡people¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡somewhat¡¡lessened£»¡¡for¡¡here¡¡and¡¡there¡¡were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡public¡¡and¡¡private¡¡stores¡¡of¡¡cotton£»¡¡tobacco£»¡¡rice£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡farm¡¡products£»¡¡all¡¡of¡¡which¡¡were¡¡bringing¡¡high¡¡prices¡¡in¡¡the¡¡market¡£¡¡But¡¡for¡¡several¡¡months¡¡the¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡wartime¡¡laws¡¡and¡¡regulations¡¡hindered¡¡the¡¡distribution¡¡of¡¡even¡¡these¡¡scanty¡¡stores¡£¡¡Property¡¡upon¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Confederate¡¡Government¡¡had¡¡a¡¡claim¡¡was£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡Confiscation£»¡¡and¡¡private¡¡property¡¡offered¡¡for¡¡sale£»¡¡even¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Unionists£»¡¡was¡¡subject¡¡to¡¡a¡¡25¡¡percent¡¡tax¡¡on¡¡sales£»¡¡a¡¡shipping¡¡tax£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡revenue¡¡tax¡£¡¡The¡¡revenue¡¡tax¡¡on¡¡cotton£»¡¡ranging¡¡from¡¡two¡¡to¡¡three¡¡cents¡¡a¡¡pound¡¡during¡¡the¡¡three¡¡years¡¡after¡¡the¡¡war£»¡¡brought¡¡in¡¡over¡¡68£»000£»000¡£¡¡This¡¡tax£»¡¡with¡¡other¡¡Federal¡¡revenues£»¡¡yielded¡¡much¡¡more¡¡than¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡expenses¡¡of¡¡reconstruction¡¡from¡¡1865¡¡to¡¡1868¡¡and¡¡of¡¡all¡¡relief¡¡measures¡¡for¡¡the¡¡South£»¡¡both¡¡public¡¡and¡¡private¡£¡¡After¡¡May¡¡1865£»¡¡the¡¡25¡¡percent¡¡tax¡¡was¡¡imposed¡¡only¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡produce¡¡of¡¡slave¡¡labor¡£¡¡None¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡taxes£»¡¡except¡¡that¡¡on¡¡cotton£»¡¡was¡¡levied¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡cro

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