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which　are　within　the　reach　of　the　canals　more　valuable。　If　the



means　of　transport　along　a　canal　be　destroyed；　we　may　use　the　water



which　has　been　hitherto　employed　for　transport；　for　irrigating



meadows　　apparently；　therefore；　for　increasing　agricultural



capital　and　agricultural　rents；　&c。；　but　even　supposing　that　by



such　a　process　the　value　of　these　meadows　rose　to　millions；　this



alteration；　apparently　profitable　to　agriculture；　will　nevertheless



lower　the　total　value　of　the　landed　property　which　is　within　reach



of　the　canal　ten　times　more。



　　　　Considered　from　this　point　of　view；　from　the　circumstance　that



the　total　manufacturing　capital　of　a　country　is　so　small　in



comparison　with　its　total　agricultural　capital；　conclusions　must　be



drawn　of　a　totally　different　character　from　those　which　the　present



and　preceding　school　have　drawn　from　it。　The　maintenance　and



augmentation　of　the　manufacturing　power　seem　now；　even　to　the



agriculturist；　the　more　valuable；　the　less　capital　as　compared　with



agriculture　it　requires　to　absorb　in　itself　and　to　put　into



circulation。　Yes；　it　must　now　become　evident　to　the　agriculturist；



and　especially　to　the　rent…owners　and　the　landed　proprietors　of　a



country；　that　it　would　be　to　their　interest　to　maintain　and　develop



an　internal　manufacturing　power；　even　had　they　to　procure　the



requisite　capital　without　hope　of　direct　recompense；　just　as　it　is



to　their　interest　to　construct　canals；　railways；　and　roads　even　if



these　undertakings　yield　no　real　nett　profit。　Let　us　apply　the



foregoing　considerations　to　those　industries　which　lie　nearest　and



are　most　necessary　to　agriculture；　e。g。　flour　mills；　and　there　will



be　no　room　for　doubt　as　to　the　correctness　of　our　views。　Compare；



on　the　one　hand；　the　value　of　landed　property　and　rent　in　a



district　where　a　mill　is　not　within　reach　of　the　agriculturist；



with　their　value　in　those　districts　where　this　industry　is　carried



on　in　their　very　midst；　and　we　shall　find　that　already　this　single



industry　has　a　considerable　effect　on　the　value　of　land　and　on



rent；　that　there；　under　similar　conditions　of　natural　fertility；



the　total　value　of　the　land　has　not　merely　increased　to　double；　but



to　ten　or　twenty　times　more　than　the　cost　of　erecting　the　mill



amounted　to；　and　that　the　landed　proprietors　would　have　obtained



considerable　advantage　by　the　erection　of　the　mill；　even　if　they



had　built　it　at　their　common　expense　and　presented　it　to　the



miller。　The　latter　circumstance；　in　fact；　takes　place　every　day　in



the　backwoods　of　North　America；　where；　in　cases　when　an　individual



has　not　adequate　capital　to　erect　such　works　entirely　at　his　own



expense；　the　landowner　gladly　helps　him　by　contributing　labour；　by



team　work；　free　gifts　of　timber；　&c。　In　fact；　the　same　thing　also



occurred；　although　in　another　form；　in　countries　of　earlier



civilisation；　here　must　undoubtedly　be　sought　the　origin　of　many



ancient　feudal　'common　mill'　rights。



　　　　As　it　is　in　the　case　of　the　corn　mill；　so　is　it　in　those　of



saw；　oil；　and　plaster　mills；　so　is　it　in　that　of　iron　works；



everywhere　it　can　be　proved　that　the　rent　and　the　value　of　landed



property　rise　in　proportion　as　the　property　lies　nearer　to　these



industries；　and　especially　according　as　they　are　in　closer　or　less



close　commercial　relations　with　agriculture。



　　　　And　why　should　this　not　be　the　case　with　woollen；　flax；　hemp；



paper；　and　cotton　mills？　Why　not　with　all　manufacturing　industries？



We　see；　at　least；　everywhere　that　rent　and　value　of　landed　property



rise　in　exactly　the　same　proportion　with　the　proximity　of　that



property　to　the　town；　and　with　the　degree　in　which　the　town　is



populous　and　industrious。　If　in　such　comparatively　small　districts



we　calculate　the　value　of　the　landed　property　and　the　capital



expended　thereon；　and；　on　the　other　hand；　the　value　of　the　capital



employed　in　various　industries；　and　compare　their　total　amount；　we



shall　find　everywhere　that　the　former　is　at　least　ten　times　larger



than　the　latter。　But　it　would　be　folly　to　conclude　from　this　that



a　nation　obtains　greater　advantages　by　investing　its　material



capital　in　agriculture　than　in　manufactures；　and　that　the　former　is



in　itself　more　favourable　to　the　augmentation　of　capital　than　the



latter。　The　increase　of　the　material　agricultural　capital　depends



for　the　most　part　on　the　increase　of　the　material　manufacturing



capital；　and　nations　which　do　not　recognise　this　truth；　however



much　they　may　be　favoured　by　nature　in　agriculture；　will　not　only



not　progress；　but　will　retrograde　in　wealth；　population；　culture；



and　power。



　　　　We　see；　nevertheless；　how　the　proprietors　of　rent　and　of　landed



property　not　unfrequently　regard　those　fiscal　and　political



regulations　which　aim　at　the　establishment　of　a　native



manufacturing　power　as　privileges　which　serve　merely　to　enrich　the



manufacturers；　the　burden　of　which　they　（the　landed　interest）　have



exclusively　to　bear。　They；　who　at　the　beginning　of　their



agricultural　operations　so　clearly　perceived　what　great　advantages



they　might　obtain　if　a　corn　mill；　a　saw　mill；　or　an　iron　work　were



established　in　their　neighbourhood；　that　they　themselves　submitted



to　the　greatest　sacrifices　in　order　to　contribute　towards　the



erection　of　such　works；　can　no　longer；　when　their　interests　as



agriculturists　have　somewhat　improved；　comprehend　what　immense



advantages　the　total　agricultural　interest　of　the　country　would



derive　from　a　perfectly　developed　national　industry　of　its　own；　and



how　its　own　advantage　demands　that　it　should　submit　to　those



sacrifices　without　which　this　object　cannot　be　attained。　It



therefore　happens；　that；　only　in　a　few　and　only　in　very



well…educated　nations；　the　mind　of　each　separate　landed　proprietor；



though　it　is　generally　keenly　enough　alive　to　those　interests　which



lie　close　at　hand；　is　sagacious　enough　to　appreciate　those　greater



ones　which　are　manifest　to　a　more　extended　view。



　　　　It　must　not；　moreover；　be　forgotten　that　the　popular　theory　has



materially　contributed　to　confuse　the　opinions　of　landed



proprietors。　Smith　and　Say　endeavoured　everywhere　to　represent　the



exertions　of　manufacturers　to　obtain　measures　of　protection　as



inspirations　of　mere　self…interest；　and　to　praise；　on　the　contrary；



the　generosity　and　disinterestedness　of　the　landed　proprietors；　who



are　far　from　claiming　any　such　measures　for　themselves。　It　appears；



however；　that　the　landed　proprietors　have　merely　become　mindful　of



and　been　stimulated　to　the　virtue　of　disinterestedness；　which　is　so



highly　attributed　to　them；　in　order　to　rid　themselves　of　it。　For　in



the　greatest　number　of；　and　in　the　most　important；　manufacturing



states；　these　landowners　have　also　recently　demanded　and　obtained



measures　of　protection；　although　（as　we　have　shown　in　another



place）　it　is　to　their　own　greatest　injury。　If　the　landed



proprietors　formerly　made　sacrifices　to　establish　a　national



manufacturing　power　of　their　own；　they　did　what　the　agriculturist



in　a　country　place　does　when　he　makes　sacrifices　in　order　that　a



corn　mill　or　an　iron　forge　may　be　established　in　his　vicinity。　If



the　landed　proprietors　now　require　protection　also　for　their



agriculture；　they　do　what　those　former　landed　proprietors　would



have　done　if；　after　the　mill　has　been　erected　by　their　aid；　they



required　the　miller　to　help　in　cultivating　their　fields。　Without



doubt　that　would　be　a　foolish　demand。　Agriculture　can　only



progress；　the　rent　and　value　of　land　can　only　increase；　in　the



ratio　in　which　manufactures　and　commerce　flourish；　and　manufactures



cannot　flourish　if　the　importation　of　raw　materials　and　provisions



is　restricted。　This　the　manufacturers　everywhere　felt。　For　the



fact；　however；　that　the　landed　proprietors　notwithstanding　obtained



measures　of　protection　in　most　large　states；　there　is　a　double



reason。　Firstly；　in　states　having　representative　government；　the



landowner's　influence　is　paramount　in　legislation；　and　the



manufacturers　did　not　venture　to　oppose　themselves　perseveringly　to



the　foolish　demand　of　the　landowners；　fearing　lest　they　might



thereby　incline　the　latter　to　favour　the　principles　of　free　trade；



they　preferred　to　agree　with　the　landed　proprietors。



　　　　It　was　then　insinuated　by　the　school　to　the　landed　proprietors



that　it　is　just　as　foolish　to　establish　manufactures　by　artificial



means　as　it　would　be　to　produce　wine　in　cold　climates　in



greenhouses；　that　manufactures　would　originate　in　the　natural



course　of