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men。　Everywhere　have　the　cultivation　of　national　language　and



literature；　have　the　civilising　arts；　and　the　perfection　of



municipal　institutions　kept　equal　pace　with　the　development　of



manufactures　and　commerce。　It　is　from　manufactures　that　the



nation's　capability　originates　of　carrying　on　foreign　trade　with



less　civilised　nations；　of　increasing　its　mercantile　marine；　of



establishing　a　naval　power；　and　by　founding　colonies；　of　utilising



its　surplus　population　for　the　further　augmentation　of　the　national



prosperity　and　the　national　power。



　　　　Comparative　statistics　show　that　by　the　complete　and　relatively



equal　cultivation　of　manufactures　and　agriculture　in　a　nation



endowed　with　a　sufficiently　large　and　fertile　territory；　a



population　twice　or　three　times　as　large　can　be　maintained；　and



maintained；　moreover；　in　a　far　higher　degree　of　well…being　than　in



a　country　devoted　exclusively　to　agriculture。　From　this　it　follows



that　all　the　mental　powers　of　a　nation；　its　State　revenues；　its



material　and　mental　means　of　defence；　and　its　security　for　national



independence；　are　increased　in　equal　proportion　by　establishing　in



it　a　manufacturing　power。



　　　　At　a　time　where　technical　and　mechanical　science　exercise　such



immense　influence　on　the　methods　of　warfare；　where　all　warlike



operations　depend　so　much　on　the　condition　of　the　national　revenue；



where　successful　defence　greatly　depends　on　the　questions；　whether



the　mass　of　the　nation　is　rich　or　poor；　intelligent　or　stupid；



energetic　or　sunk　in　apathy；　whether　its　sympathies　are　given



exclusively　to　the　fatherland　or　partly　to　foreign　countries；



whether　it　can　muster　many　or　but　few　defenders　of　the　country　



at　such　a　time；　more　than　ever　before；　must　the　value　of



manufactures　be　estimated　from　a　political　point　of　view。







Chapter　18







The　Manufacturing　Power　and　the　Natural　Productive　Powers　of　the



Nation。







　　　　The　more　that　man　and　the　community　perfect　themselves；　the



more　are　they　enabled　to　make　use　of　the　natural　powers　which　are



within　their　reach　for　the　accomplishment　of　their　objects；　and　the



more　does　the　sphere　of　what　is　within　their　reach　extend　itself。



　　　　The　hunter　does　not　employ　the　thousandth　part；　the　shepherd



not　the　hundredth　part；　of　those　natural　advantages　which　surround



him。　The　sea；　foreign　climates　and　countries；　yield　him　either



none；　or　at　least　only　an　inconsiderable　amount　of　enjoyment；



assistance；　or　stimulants　to　exertion。



　　　　In　the　case　of　a　people　in　a　primitive　agricultural　condition；



a　large　portion　of　the　existing　natural　resources　lies　yet



unutilised；　and　man　still　continues　limited　to　his　nearest



surroundings。　The　greater　part　of　the　water　power　and　wind　power



which　exists；　or　can　be　obtained；　is　unemployed；　the　various



mineral　products　which　the　manufacturers　so　well　understand　how　to



utilise　profitably；　lie　dead；　various　sorts　of　fuel　are　wasted　or



regarded　（as；　for　instance；　peat　turf）　as　a　mere　hindrance　to



cultivation；　stone；　sand；　and　lime　are　used　but　little　as　building



materials；　the　rivers；　instead　of　being　means　of　freight　and



transport　for　man；　or　of　fertilising　the　neighbouring　fields；　are



allowed　to　devastate　the　country　by　floods；　warmer　climates　and　the



sea　yield　to　the　agricultural　country　but　few　of　their　products。



　　　　In　fact；　in　the　agricultural　State；　that　power　of　nature　on



which　production　especially　depends；　the　natural　fertility　of　the



soil；　can　only　be　utilised　to　a　smaller　extent　so　long　as



agriculture　is　not　supported　by　manufacturing　industry。



　　　　Every　district　in　the　agricultural　State　must　itself　produce　as



much　of　the　things　necessary　to　it　as　it　requires　to　use；　for　it



can　neither　effect　considerable　sales　of　that　which　it　has　in



excess　to　other　districts；　nor　procure　that　which　it　requires　from



other　districts。　A　district　may　be　ever　so　fertile　and　adapted　for



the　culture　of　plants　yielding　oil；　dyeing　materials；　and　fodder；



yet　it　must　plant　forests　for　fuel；　because　to　procure　fuel　from



distant　mountain　districts；　over　wretched　country　roads；　would　be



too　expensive。　Land　which　if　utilised　for　the　cultivation　of　the



vine　and　for　garden　produce　could　be　made　to　yield　three　to　four



times　more　returns　must　be　used　for　cultivating　corn　and　fodder。　He



who　could　most　profitably　devote　himself　solely　to　the　breeding　of



cattle　must　also　fatten　them：　on　the　other　hand；　he　who　could　most



profitably　devote　himself　merely　to　fattening　stock；　must　also



carry　on　cattle　breeding。　How　advantageous　it　would　be　to　make　use



of　mineral　manures　（gypsum；　lime；　marl）；　or　to　burn　peat；　coal；　&c。



instead　of　wood；　and　to　bring　the　forest　lands　under　cultivation；



but　in　such　a　State　there　exists　no　means　of　transport　by　means　of



which　these　articles　can　be　conveyed　with　advantage　for　more　than



very　short　distances。　What　rich　returns　would　the　meadows　in　the



valleys　yield；　if　irrigation　works　on　a　large　scale　were



established　　the　rivers　now　merely　serve　to　wash　down　and　carry



away　the　fertile　soil。



　　　　Through　the　establishment　of　manufacturing　power　in　an



agricultural　State；　roads　are　made；　railways　constructed；　canals



excavated；　rivers　rendered　navigable；　and　lines　of　steamers



established。　By　these　not　merely　is　the　surplus　produce　of　the



agricultural　land　converted　into　machinery　for　yielding　income；　not



merely　are　the　powers　of　labour　of　those　who　are　employed　by　it



brought　into　activity；　not　only　is　the　agricultural　population



enabled　to　obtain　from　the　natural　resources　which　it　possesses　an



infinitely　greater　return　than　before；　but　all　minerals；　all



metals；　which　heretofore　were　lying　idle　in　the　earth　are　now



rendered　useful　and　valuable。　Articles　which　could　formerly　only



bear　a　freight　of　a　few　miles；　such　as　salt；　coals；　stone；　marble；



slate；　gypsum；　lime；　timber；　bark；　&c。；　can　now　be　distributed　over



the　surface　of　an　entire　kingdom。　Hence　such　articles；　formerly



quite　valueless；　can　now　assume　a　degree　of　importance　in　the



statistical　returns　of　the　national　produce；　which　far　surpasses



the　total　of　the　entire　agricultural　production　in　previous　times。



Not　a　cubic　foot　of　water…fall　will　then　exist　which　is　not　made　to



perform　some　service；　even　in　the　most　distant　districts　of　a



manufacturing　country；　timber　and　fuel　will　now　become　valuable；　of



which　previously　no　one　knew　how　to　make　any　use。



　　　　Through　the　introduction　of　manufactures；　a　demand　for　a



quantity　of　articles　of　food　and　raw　materials　is　created；　to　the



production　of　which　certain　districts　can　be　far　more　profitably



devoted　than　to　the　growth　of　corn　（the　usual　staple　article　of



rude　agricultural　countries）。　The　demand　which　now　springs　up　for



milk；　butter；　and　meat　adds　a　higher　value　to　the　existing　pasture



land；　and　leads　to　the　breaking　up　of　fallows　and　the　erection　of



works　of　irrigation。　The　demand　for　fruit　and　garden　produce



converts　the　former　bare　agricultural　land　into　vegetable　gardens



and　orchards。



　　　　The　loss　which　the　mere　agricultural　State　sustains　by　not



making　use　of　these　natural　powers；　is　so　much　the　greater　the　more



it　is　fitted　by　nature　for　carrying　on　manufactures；　and　the　more



its　territory　is　adapted　for　the　production　of　raw　materials　and



natural　powers　which　manufacturers　specially　require；　that　loss



will　therefore　be　the　greatest　in　mountainous　and　hilly　countries



less　suitable　for　agriculture　on　the　whole；　but　which　offer　to



manufactures　plenty　of　water　power；　of　minerals；　timber；　and　stone；



and　to　the　farmer　the　opportunity　of　cultivating　the　products　which



are　specially　required　by　the　manufacturer。



　　　　Countries　with　a　temperate　climate　are　（almost　without



exception）　adapted　for　factories　and　manufacturing　industry。　The



moderate　temperature　of　the　air　promotes　the　development　and



exertion　of　power　far　more　than　a　hot　temperature。　But　the　severe



season　of　the　year；　which　appears　to　the　superficial　observer　as　an



unfavourable　effect　of　nature；　is　the　most　powerful　promoter　of



habits　of　energetic　activity；　of　forethought；　order；　and　economy。



A　man　who　has　the　prospect　before　him　of　six　months　in　which　he　is



not　merely　unable　to　obtain　any　fruits　from　the　earth；　but　also



requires　special　provisions　and　clothing　materials　for　the



sustenance　of　himself　and　his　cattle；　and　for　protection　against



the　effects　of　cold；　must　necessarily　become　far　more　industrious



and　economical　than　the　one　who　merel